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  • 海难救助劳合社救助合同标准格式1990年版 LOF 1990
    LOF 1990  LLOYD’S STANDARD FORM OFSALVAGE AGREEMENT NOTES 1. Insert name of person signing on be half of Owners of property   to be salved. The Master should sign wherever possible. 2. The Contractor’s name should always be inserted in line 4 and   whenever the Agreement is signed by the Master of the Salving vessel or other   person on behalf of the Contractor the name of the Master or other person   must alsobe inserted in line 4 before the words “for and on behalf of.” The   words “for and on behalf of” should be deleted where a Contractor signs   personally. 3. Insert place if agreed in clause l(a)(i) and currency if agreed   in clause l(e).  (APPROVED AND   PUBLISHED BY THE COUNCIL OF LLOYD’S)—————————NO CURE – NO PAY—————————On   board the …………….………………………………...……Dated   …….……………………………….+ See Note 1Above     + See Note 2Above       + See Note 3Above                                 + See Note 4Above    15.1.08 3.12.24 13.10.2612.4.50 10.6.53 20.12.6723.2.72 21.5.80 5.9.90  IT IS HEREBY AGREED between   Captain ………………………………. for and on behalf of the Owners of the   “…………………………………….” her cargo freight bunkers stores and any other property   thereon (hereinafter collectively called “the Owners”) and ……………………………………for   and on behalf of ……………………………………. (hereinafter called “the Contractor”) that:   - 1.(a)The Contractor shall use his best   endeavours:-   (i)to   salve the"   .......................................................................   "and/or her cargo freight bunkers stores and any other property thereon   and take them to ............................................ or to such   other place as may hereafter be agreed either place to be deemed a place of   safety or if no such place is named or agreed to a place of safety and  (ii)while   performing the salvage services to prevent or minimize damage to the   environment.  (b)Subject   to clause 2 incorporating Convention Article 14 the services shall be   rendered and accepted as salvage services upon the principle of "no   cure- no pay."  (c)The   Contractor's remuneration shall be fixed by Arbitration in London in the   manner hereinafter prescribed and any other difference arising out of this   Agreement or the operations thereunder shall be referred to Arbitration in   the same way.  (d)In   the event of the services referred to in this Agreement or any part of such   services having been already rendered at the date of this Agreement by the   Contractor to the said vessel and/or her cargo freight bunkers stores and any   other property thereon the provisions of this Agreement shall apply to such services.  (e)The   security to be provided to the Council of Lloyd's (hereinafter called   "the Council") the Salved Value(s)    the Award  and/or any Interim  Award(s)    and/or any Award  on Appeal  shall be    in ........................................... currency  (f)If   clause l(e) is not completed then the security to be provided and the Salved   Value(s) the Award and/or Interim Award(s) and/or Award on Appeal shall be in   Pounds Sterling.  (g)This   Agreement and Arbitration thereunder shall except as otherwise expressly   provided be govern ed by the law of England, including the English law of   salvage. PROVISIONS AS TO   THE SERVICES2.  Articles 1(a) to (e), 8, 13.1, 13.2 first   sentence, 13.3 and 14 of the International Convention on Salvage 1989 ("the   Convention Articles") set out hereafter are hereby incorporated into   this Agreement. The terms "Contractor" and "services" I   "salvage services" in this Agreement shall have the same meanings   as the terms "salvor(s)" and "salvage operation (s)" in   the Convention Articles. 3.  The Owners their Servants and Agents shall   co-operate fully with the Contractor in and about the salvage including   obtaining entry to the place named or the place of safety as defined in   clause 1. The Contractor may make reasonable use of the vessel's machinery   gear equipment anchors chains stores and other appurtenances during and for   the purpose of the salvage services free of expense but shall not   unnecessarily damage abandon or sacrifice the same or any property the   subject of this Agreement. PROVISIONS AS TO SECURITY4.  (a)   The   Contractor shall immediately after the termination of the services or sooner   notify the Council and where practicable the Owners of the amount for which   he demands security (inclusive of costs expenses and interest) from each of   the respective Owners. (b)   Where   the exception to the principle of "no cure - no pay" under   Convention Article 14 becomes likely to be applicable the owners of the   vessel shall on the demand of the Contractor provide security for the   Contractor's special  compensation.  (c)   The amount of any such security shall be   reasonable in the light of the knowledge available to the Contractor at the   time when the demand is made. Unless otherwise agreed such security shall be   provided (i) to the Council (ii) in a form approved by the Council and (iii)   by persons firms or corporations either acceptable to the Contractor or   resident in the United Kingdom and acceptable to the Council. The Council   shall not be responsible for the sufficiency (whether in amount or otherwise)   of any security which shall be provided nor for the default or insolvency of   any person firm or corporation providing the same. (d)   The owners of the vessel their Servants and   Agents shall use their best endeavours to ensure that the cargo owners   provide their proportion of security before the cargo is released. 5.     (a)   Until security has been provided as   aforesaid the Contractor shall have a maritime lien on the property salved   for his remuneration. The property salved shall not without the consent in   writing of the Contractor (which shall not be unreasonably withheld) be   removed from the place to which it has been taken by the Contractor under   clause l(a).  (b)The Contractor shall not arrest or   detain the property salved unless:-   (i)security is not provided within 14 days   (exclusive of Saturdays and Sundays or other days observed as general   holidays at Lloyd's) after the date of the termination of the  services or  (ii)he has reason to believe that the   removal of the property salved is contemplated contrary to clause 5(a) or  (iii)any attempt is made to remove the   property salved contrary to clause 5(a).(c)   The Arbitrator appointed under clause 6 or   the Appeal Arbitrator(s) appointed under clause 11(d) shall have power in   their absolute discretion to include in the amount awarded to the Contractor   the whole or part of any expenses reasonably    incurred by the Contractor in:-   (i)ascertaining demanding and obtaining the   amount of security reasonably required in accordance with clause 4  (ii)enforcing and/or protecting by insurance   or otherwise or taking reasonable steps to enforce and/or protect his lien. PROVISIONS AS TO ARBITRATION6.     (a)  Where security is provided   to the Council in whole or in part the Council shall appoint an Arbitrator in   respect of the property  covered  by    such security.(b)  Whether security has been provided or not   the Council shall appoint an Arbitrator upon receipt of a written request   made by letter telex facsimile or in any other permanent form provided that   any party requesting such appointment shall if required by the Council   undertake to pay the reasonable fees and expenses of the Council and/ or any   Arbitrator or Appeal Arbitrator(s).(c)  Where an Arbitrator has been appointed and   the parties do not proceed to arbitration the Council may recover any fees   costs and/or expenses which are outstanding and thereupon terminate the appointment   of such Arbitrator. 7.   The Contractor's remuneration shall be   fixed by the Arbitrator appointed under clause 6. Such remuneration shall not   be diminished by reason of the exception to the principle of 'no cure- no   pay' under Convention Article 14. REPRESENTATION8.   Any party to this Agreement who wishes to   be heard or to adduce evidence shall nominate a person in the United Kingdom   to represent him failing which the Arbitrator or Appeal Arbitrator(s) may   proceed as if such party had renounced his right to be heard or adduce   evidence.  CONDUCT OFTHE ARBITRATION9.(a)  The Arbitrator shall have power to:-   (i)admit   such oral or documentary evidence or information as he may think fit  (ii)conduct   the Arbitration in such  manner in all   respects as he may think fit subject to such proceduralrules   as the Council may approve  (iii)condemn   the Contractor in his absolute discretion in the whole or part of the expense   of providingexcessive   security and deduct the amount in which the Contractor is so condemned from   the salvage remuneration  and/or   special compensation  (iv)make Interim Award(s) on such terms as may   be fair and just  (v)make such orders as to costs fees and   expenses including those of the Council charged under clauses 9(b) and 12(b)   as may be fair and just.  (b)    The Arbitrator and the Council may charge reasonable fees and expenses   for their services whether the Arbitration proceeds to a hearing or not and   all such fees and expenses shall be treated as part of the costs of the   Arbitration.  (c)    Any Award shall (subject to Appeal as provided in this Agreement) be   final and binding on all the parties concerned whether they were represented   at the Arbitration or not. INTEREST10.    Interest at rates per annum to be fixed by the Arbitrator shall   (subject to Appeal as provided in this Agreement)be payable on any sum awarded taking   into account any sums already paid:-   (i)from the date of termination of the   services unless the Arbitrator shall in his absolute discretion otherwise   decide until the date of publication by the Council of the Award and/or   Interim Award(s) and  (ii)from the expiration of 21 days   (exclusive of Saturdays and Sundays or other days observed as general   holidays at Lloyd's) after the date of publication by the Council of the   Award and/or Interim Award(s) until the date payment is received by the   Contractor or the Council both dates inclusive. PROVISIONS AS TO APPEAL11.    (a)  Notice of Appeal if any   shall be given to the Council within 14 days (exclusive of Saturdays and   Sundays or other days observed as general holidays at Lloyd's) after the date   of the publication by the Council of the Award and/or Interim Award(s). (b)  Notice of Cross-Appeal if any shall be   given to the Council within 14days (exclusive of Saturdays and Sundays or   other days observed as general holidays at Lloyd's) after notification by the   Council to the parties of any Notice of Appeal. Such notification if sent by   post shall be deemed received on the working day following the day of   posting. (c)  Notice of Appeal or Cross-Appeal shall be   given to the Council by letter telex facsimile or in any other permanent   form. (d)  Upon receipt of Notice of Appeal the   Council shall refer the Appeal to the hearing and determination of the Appeal   Arbitrator(s) selected by it. (e)  If any Notice of Appeal or Cross-Appeal is   withdrawn the Appeal hearing shall nevertheless proceed in respect of such   Notice of Appeal or Cross-Appeal as may remain. (f)  Any Award on Appeal shall be final and   binding on all the parties to that Appeal Arbitration whether they were   represented either at the Arbitration or at the Appeal Arbitration or not. 12.    (a)  The Appeal Arbitrator(s) in   addition to the powers of the Arbitrator under clauses 9(a) and 10 shall have   power to:­  (i)admit the evidence which was before the   Arbitrator together with the Arbitrator's notes and reasons for his Award   and/or Interim Award(s) and any transcript of evidence and such additional   evidence as he or they may think fit  (ii)confirm increase or reduce the sum   awarded by the Arbitrator and to make such order as to the payment of   interest on such sum as he or they may think fit  (iii)confirm revoke or vary any order and/or   Declaratory Award made by the Arbitrator. (b)  The Appeal Arbitrator(s) and the Council   may charge reasonable fees and expenses for their services in connection with   the Appeal Arbitration whether it proceeds to a hearing or not and all such   fees and expenses shall be treated as part of the costs of the Appeal   Arbitration. PROVISIONS AS TO PAYMENT13.    (a)  In case of Arbitration if   no Notice of Appeal be received by the Council in accordance with clause   11(a) the Council shall call upon the party or parties concerned to pay the   amount awarded and in the event of non-payment shall subject to the   Contractor first providing to the Council a satisfactory Undertaking to pay   all the costs thereof realize or enforce the security and pay therefrom to   the Contractor (whose receipt shall be a good discharge to it) the amount   awarded to him together with interest if any. The Contractor shall reimburse   the parties concerned to such extent as the Award is less than any sums paid   on account or  in respect of  Interim Award(s). (b)  If Notice of Appeal be received by the   Council in accordance with clause 11 it shall as soon as the Award on Appeal   has been published by it call upon the party or parties concerned to pay the   amount awarded and in the event of non-payment shall subject to the   Contractor first providing to the Council a satisfactory Undertaking to pay   all the costs thereof realize or enforce the security and pay therefrom to   the Contractor (whose receipt shall be a good dis­ charge to it) the amount   awarded to him together with interest if any. The Contractor shall reimburse   the parties concerned to such extent as the Award on Appeal is less than any   sums paid on account or in respect of the Award or Interim Award(s). (c)  If any sum shall become payable to the   Contractor as remuneration for his services and/or interest and/or costs as   the result of an agreement made between the Contractor and the Owners or any   of them the Council in the event of non-payment shall subject to the   Contractor first providing to the Council a satisfactory Undertaking to pay   all the costs thereof realize or enforce the security and pay therefrom to   the Contractor (whose receipt shall be a good discharge to it) the said sum. (d)  If the Award and/or Interim Award(s) and/or   Award on Appeal provides or provide that the costs of the Arbitration and/or   of the Appeal Arbitration or any part of such costs shall be borne by the   Contractor such costs may be deducted from the amount awarded or agreed   before payment is made to the Contractor unless satisfactory security is   provided by the Contractor for the payment of such costs. (e)  Without prejudice to the provisions of   clause 4(c) the liability of the Council shall be limited in any event to the   amount of security provided to it. GENERAL    PROVISIONS14.    Interest at rates per annum to be fixed by the Arbitrator shall (subject   to Appeal as provided in this Agreement)be payable on any sum awarded taking   into account any sums already paid:- 15.    In considering what sums of money have been expended by the Contractor   in rendering the services and/or in fixing the amount of the Award and/or   Interim Award(s) and/or Award on Appeal the Arbitrator or Appeal   Arbitrator(s) shall to such an extent and in so far as it may be fair and   just in all the circumstances give effect to the consequences of any change   or changes in the relevant rates of exchange which may have occurred between   the date of termination of the services and the date on which the Award   and/or Interim Award(s) and/or Award on Appeal is made. 16.    Any Award notice authority order or other document signed by the Chairman   of Lloyd's or any person authorised by the Council foc the purpose shall be   deemed to have been duly made or given by the Council and shall have the same   force and effect in all respects as if it had been signed by every member of   the Council. 17.    The Contractor may claim salvage and enforce any Award or agreement   made between the Contractor and the Owners against security provided under   clause 4 if any in the name and on behalf of any Sub-Contractors Servants or   Agents including Masters and members of the crews of vessels employed by him   or by any Sub-Contractors in the services provided that he first provides a   reasonably satisfactory indemnity to the Owners against all claims by or   liabilities to the said persons. 18.    When there is no longer any reasonable prospect of a useful result   leading to a salvage reward in accordance with Convention Article 13 the   owners of the vessel shall be entitled to terminate the services of the   Contractor by giving notice to the Contractor in writing. 19.    No person signing this Agreement or any party on whose behalf it is   signed shall at any time or in any manner whatsoever offer provide make give   or promise to provide demand or take any form of inducement for entering into   this Agreement. THE CONVENTION ARTICLES Article 1 Definitions (a)  Salvage operation means any act or activity   undertaken to assist a vessel or any other property in danger in navigable   waters or in any other waters whatsoever(b)  Vessel means any ship or craft, or any structure   capable of navigation(c)  Property means any property not permanently   and intentionally attached to the shoreline and includes freight at risk(d)  Damage to the environment means substantial   physical damage to human health or to marine life or resources in coastal or   inland waters or areas adjacent thereto, caused by pollution, contamination,   fire, explosion or similar major incidents(e)  Payment means any reward, remuneration or   compensation due under this Convention   Article 8 Duties of the Salvor and of the Owner   and Master 1.  The salvor shall owe a duty to the owner of   the vessel or other property in danger: (a)  to carry out the salvage operations with   due care;(b)  in performing the duty specified in subparagraph   (a), to exercise due care to prevent or minimize damage to the environment;(c)  whenever circumstances reasonably require,   to seek assistance from other salvors; and(d)  to accept the intervention of other salvors   when reasonably requested to do so by the owner or master of thevessel or other property in danger;   provided however that the amount of his reward shall not be prejudiced should   it be found that such a request was    unreasonable 2.  The owner and master of the vessel or the   owner of other property in danger shall owe a duty to the salvor:(a)  to co-operate fully with him during the   course of the salvage operations;(b)  in so doing, to exercise due care to   prevent or minimize damage to the environment; and(c)  when the vessel or other property has been   brought to a place of safety, to accept redelivery when reasonably requested   by the salvor to do so Article 13 Criteria for fixing the reward 1.   The reward shall be fixed with a view to   encouraging salvage operations, taking into account the following criteria   without regard to the order in which they are presented below:  (a)he salved value of the vessel and other   property; (b)the skill and efforts of the salvors in   preventing or minimizing damage to the environment; (c)the measure of success obtained by the   salvor; (d)the nature and degree of the danger; (e)the skill and efforts of the salvors in   salving the vessel, other property and life; (f)the time used and expenses and losses   incurred by the salvors; (g)the risk of liability and other risks   run by the salvors or their equipment; (h)the promptness of the services rendered; (i)the availability and use of vessels or   other equipment intended for salvage operations; (j)the state of readiness and efficiency of   the salvor's equipment and the value thereof 2.   Payment of a reward fixed according to   paragraph 1shall be made by all of the vessel and other property interests in   proportion to their respective salved values 3.   The rewards, exclusive of any interest and   recoverable legal costs that may be payable thereon, shall not exceed the   salved value of the vessel and other property Article 14 Special  Compensation 1.   If the salvor has carried out salvage   operations in respect of a vessel which by itself or its cargo threatened   damage to the environment and has failed to earn a reward under Article 13 at   least equivalent to the special compensation assessable in accordance with   this Article, he shall be entitled to special compensation from the owner of   that vessel equivalent to his expenses as herein defined 2.     If in the circumstances set out in paragraph 1, the salvor by his   salvage operations has prevented or minimized damage to the environment, the   special compensation payable by the owner to the salvor under paragraph 1may   be increased up to a maximum of 30% of the expenses incurred by the salvor.   However, the Tribunal, if it deems it fair and just to do so and bearing in   mind the relevant criteria set out in Article 13, paragraph 1, may increase   such special compensation further, but in no event shall the total increase   be more than 100% of the expenses incurred by the salvor 3.     Salvor's expenses for the purpose of paragraphs 1 and 2 means the   out-of-pocket expenses reasonably incurred by the salvor in the salvage   operation and a fair rate for equipment and personnel actually and reasonably   used in the salvage operation, taking into consideration  the criteria set out in Article 13,   paragraph  1(h), (i) and (j) 4.     The total special compensation under this Article shall be paid only   if and to the extent that such    compensation is greater than any reward recoverable by the salvor   under Article 13 5.     If the salvor has been negligent and has thereby failed to prevent or   minimize damage to the environment, he maybe deprived of the whole or part of any   special compensation due under this Article 6.     Nothing in this Article shall affect any right of recourse on the part   of the owner of the vessel For   and on behalf of the Contractor   ……………………………………………………………….(To   be signed either by the Contractor personally or by the Master of the salving   vessel or other person whose name is inserted in line4 of this Agreement.)For   and on behalf of the Owners of property tobe salved.  ……………………………………………………………….(To be   signed by the Master or other person whose name is inserted in line 1 of this   Agreement.) 
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    发布于:2022-02-09 12:05:47
  • 海难救助劳合社救助合同标准格式1980年版 LOF 1980
    勞依茲海難救助契約標準格式 — 1980年版(業經勞依茲委員會批準發行)不成功 無報酬LLOYD'S OPEN FORMStandard Form of Salvage Agreement(Approved and Published by The Committee of Lloyd’sNO CURE - NO PAY台灣 黃裕凱博士編譯 海難救助—1980年勞依茲救助契約On board the  ___________________             Dated 19____________         訂於____________船上   19___年_____月______日IT IS HEREBY AGREED   between Captain ________________for and on behalf of the Owners of   the"_____________ " her cargo freight bunkers and stores and __________for   and on behalf of ________________(hereinafter called "the   Contractor"):-本船長__________ 代表__________翰之船舶所有人、貨物、運費、燃油及物料與___________________代表_________(以下稱為“締約救助人”)謹協議如下:1.(a) The Contractor agrees   to use his best endeavours to salve the and/or her cargo bunkers and stores   and take them to or other place to be hereafter agreed or if no place is   named or agreed to a place of safety. The Contractor further agrees to use   his best endeavours to prevent the escape of oil from the vessel while   performing the services of salving the subject vessel and/or her cargo bunkers   and stores The services shall be rendered and acceded as salvage services   upon the principle of "no cure-no pay" except that where the   property being salved is the tanker laden or partly laden with a cargo of oil   and without negligence on the part of the Contractor and/or his Servants and/or   Agents(l) the services are not successful or (2) are only partially   successful or (3) the Contractor is prevented from completing the services   the Contractor shall nevertheless be awarded solely against the Owners of   such tanker his reasonably incurred expenses and an increment not exceeding   15 per cent of such expenses but only if and to the extent that such expenses   together with the increment are greeter than any amount otherwise recoverable   under this Agreement. Within the meaning of the said exception to the   principle of "no cure- no pay" expenses shall in addition to actual   out 01 pocket expenses include a fair rate for all tugs craft personnel and   other equipment used by the Contractor in the services and oil shall mean   crude oil fuel oil heavy diesel oil and lubricating oil1.(a) 締約救助人應飛其最大努力救助___________輪及/或其貨物、運費、燃油及物料,將其送往_________或稍後協議無論是否視為安全處所之地點,或如無列名或協議地點時,則是為安全處所之地點。締約救助人並同意於救助本契約船舶及或其上貨載、物料時,會盡其最大努力防止油料外洩。應本“不成功-無報酬”之救助服務原則提供並接受本服務,然被救助之財產為載油油輪或部分載運貨油,且締約救助人及其受雇人及/或代理人對下列事項無過失之情況下:(1)救助服務並未成功,或(2)僅部分成功,或(3)締約救助人受陰無法完成救助服務,則就締約救助人無論如果均可單鉵向該油輪之有人請求其合理發生之費用及不超過該費用百分之十五之增額,惟該費用及增額僅限於高於可依本求回復之數上之數額。於前述「不成功   無報酬」原則之例外規定中,應另外加上締約救助於救助工作之實支費用,包括其所使用之所有拖船、艇具、人員及其他機具之合理費率。而油應指原油、烯油、重柴油及潤滑油。(b) The Contractor remuneration shill be   fixed by arbitration in London in the manner herein prescribed and any other   difference arising out of this Agreement or the operations thereunder shall   be referred to arbitration in the same way. In the event of the services   referred to in the Agreement or any part of such service having been already   rendered at the date of the Agreement by the Contractor to the said vessel   and/or her cargo bunkers and stores the provisions of this Agreement shall   apply to such services(b)締約救助人之報酬應以下述所規定之方式,經由倫敦仲裁確定之,本契約或相關作業所生之任何其他爭議,應以相同方法提交仲裁。於本契約簽訂日期之前,締約救助人已經對前述船舶及其貨物、運費、燃油、物料及其上任何其他財產提供本契約所述及之服務或該服務任何總價時,本契約規定仍應適用之。(c) It is hereby further agreed that the security to be provided to the   Committee at Lloyd's the Salved Values the Award and/or Interim Award and/or   Award on Appeals the Arbitrator and/or Arbitrators on Appeal shall be in   __________currency. If this Clause is not completed then the security to be   provided and the Salved Values the Award and/or Interim   Award and/or Award on Appeal of the Arbitrator and/or Arbitrator(s) on Appeal   shall be in Pounds Sterling.(c)僅此另再同意擔保金應提供給勞依茲稂員會,獲救價值、仲裁人及或上訴仲裁人所決定之裁定額、及/或任何中間裁定額、及/或上訴仲裁之任何裁定額均應以________貨幣表示之。好好吃本項未訂明,則是應提供之擔保金,獲救價值、仲裁人及或上訴仲裁人所決定之裁定額、及/或任何中間裁定額、及或上訴仲裁之任何裁定額應以英鎊表示之。(d)This Agreement shall be governed by and   arbitration thereunder shall be in accordance with English law.(d)本契約及下列所規定之仲裁應受英國法規範。 2. The Owners their Servants and Agents shall co-operate fullywith the Contractor in and about the salvage including obtaining entry   to the place named in Clause 1 of this Agreement or such other place as may   be agreed or if applicable the place of safety to which the salved property   is taken. The Owners shall promptly accept redelivery of the salved property at   such place. The Contractor may make reasonable use of the vessels machinery gear   equipment anchors chains stores and other appurtenances during and for the purpose   of the operations free of expense but shall not unnecessarily damage abandon   or sacrifice the same or any property the subject of this Agreement. 2.所有權人、其受雇人及代理人對於及對有關之救助,包括為進入本契約第1條所列名地點或或其他經協議或應適用之安全地點,應與締約救助人充份合作。所有人於該地點應立即受領獲救財產。締約救助人得於救助服務期間及為救助目的,合理且無償地使用船舶之機器、索具、設備、錨、錨鏈、物料及其他屬具,但不能對這些物品或本契約標的之其他財產有不必要的毀損、投棄或犧牲。 3. The Master or other person signing this Agreement on behalf of the   property to be salved is not authorised to make or give and the Contractor   shall not demand or take any payment draft or order as inducement to or   remuneration for entering into this Agreement. 3.代表被獲救財產簽署簽契約之船長或其他人無權提出或給與,且締約救助人亦不應要求或接受任何付款、票據或票券,以促成本契約之簽訂或作為本契約之報酬。PROVISIONS AS TO SECURITY擔保條款4. The Contractor shall immediately after the termination of the services   or sooner in appropriate cases notify the Committee of Lloyd's and where   practicable the Owners of the amount for which he requires security (inclusive   of costs expenses and interest). Unless otherwise agreed by the parties such   security shall be given to the Committee of Lloyd's and security so given shall   be in a form approved by the Committee and shall be given by persons firms or   corporations resident in the United Kingdom either satisfactory to the   Committee of Lloyd's or agreed by the Contractor. The Committee of Lloyd's   shall not be responsible for the sufficiency (whether in amount or otherwise)   of any security which shall be given nor for the default or insolvency of any   person firm or corporation giving the same.4.於服務終止後,締約救助人應將其所需每一所有權人救助擔保之數額(包括成本、費用及利息)立即或儘速通知委員會及所有權人。除另有協議外,該擔保應提供給勞依茲委員會,以委員會所同意之格式及由委員會或締約救助人可設籍於英國而為委員會所接受之人、商號或公司提供之。該任何人、商號或公司之疏失或破產而就其本應提供之任何擔保之不足額(無論是否為數量上或其他),委員會無須負責。 5. Pending the completion of the security as aforesaid the Contractor   shall have a maritime lien on the property salved for his remuneration. Where   the aforementioned exception to the principle of "no cure - no pay"   becomes likely to be applicable the Owners of the vessel shall on demand of   the Contractor provide security for the Contractor's remuneration under the aforementioned   exception in accordance with Clause 4 hereof. The salved property shall not   without the consent in writing of the Contractor be removed from the place   (within the terms of Clause 1) to which the property is taken by the   Contractor on the completion of the salvage services until security has been   given as aforesaid. The Owners of the vessel their Servants and Agents shall   use their best endeavours to ensure that the Cargo Owners provide security in   accordance with the provisions of Clause 4 of this Agreement before the cargo   is released. The Contractor agrees not to arrest or detain the property   salved unless (a) the security be not given within 14 days (exclusive of   Saturdays and Sundays or other days observed as general holidays at Lloyd's) after   the date of the termination of the services(the Committee of Lloyd's not   being responsible for the failure of the parties concerned to provide the   required security within the said 14 days) or (b) the Contractor has reason   to believe that the removal of the property is contemplated contrary to the   above agreement. In the event of security not being provided or in the event   of (1) any attempt being made to remove the property salved contrary to this   agreement or (2) the Contractor having reasonable grounds to suppose that   such an attempt will be made the Contractor may take steps to enforce his aforesaid   lien. The Arbitrator appointed under Clause 6 or the person(s) appointed   under Clause 13 hereof shall have power in their absolute discretion to   include in the amount awarded to the Contractor the whole or such part of the   expense incurred by the Contractor in enforcing or protecting by insurance or   otherwise or in taking reasonable steps to enforce or protect his lien as   they shall think fit. 5.於擔保依前柱塞成提供前之期間,締約救助人就其報酬,對於獲救之財產享有海事優先權。如可能適脾前述「不成功   無效果」例外規定時,船舶所有人應依據締約救助人之要求,依本契約第4條之例外規定針對締約救助人報酬為擔保之提供。於依前述規定提供擔保前,未經締約救助人之書面同意,獲救之財產不應從締約求助人送達之地點移往其他地點(依第1條)。船舶所有人、其受雇人及代理人應盡最大努力,使貨物所有人於貨物放行前能依據本契約第4條規定提供擔保。締約救助不得假損耗押或留置獲救財產,除非(a)擔保未於服務終止日後14天內(不包括周六、周日或其他勞依茲其他例假日)擔出(勞依茲委員會對有關當事人於前述14天內未提供所要求擔保者,不負責任),或(b)締約救助人有理由相信,移動財產勢將違反本契約規定。於未提供擔保或於下列情況下:(1)企圖移動獲救財產因而違反本契約或(2)締約求助人合理理由認為該移動財產之企圖,即可采取執行優先權之手段。第6條所指定之仲裁人或第13條所指定之上訴仲裁人具絕對之裁量權力,對締約救助人為行使其優先權或經由保險或其他方式或采取強製實行及或防護之全部或一部,內含在締約救助人之報酬金額之內。PROVISIONS AS TO ARBITRATION仲裁條款6.(a) Where security within the provisions of this Agreement is given to the   Committee of Lloyd's in whole or in part the said Committee shall appoint an   Arbitrator in respect of the interests covered by such security6.(a) 如本契約所規定之擔保已經全部或一部提供給勞依茲委員會,該   委員會即應就該擔保所涵蓋之利益為仲裁人之指派。(b)Whether security has been given or not the Committee of Lloyd's shall   appoint an Arbitrator upon receipt of a written or telex or telegraphic   notice of a claim for arbitration from any of the parties entitled or authorized   to make such a claim(b)無論擔保是否已經提供,勞依茲委員會接獲有權或經授權提出求償之任何當事人申請仲裁之書信、電報、電傳通知後,即應指派一仲裁人。 7. Where an Arbitrator has been appointed by the Committee of Lloyd's   and the parties do not wish to proceed to arbitration the parties shall   jointly notify the said Committee in writing or by telex or by telegram and   the said Committee may thereupon terminate the appointment of such Arbitrator   as they may have appointed in accordance with Clause 6 of this Agreement. 7.勞依茲委員會已為仲裁人之指定,而當事人卻無意續行仲裁者,所有當事人應共同以書面,或以電傳或電報方式通知該委員會,該委員會得因此終止依本契約第6條仲裁人之指派。 8. Any of the following parties may make a claim for arbitration viz.:   - (1) The Owners of the ship. (2) The Owners of the cargo or any part   thereof. (3) The Owners of any freight separately at risk or any part   thereof. (4) The Contractor. (5) The Owners of the bunkers and/or stores. (6)   Any other person who is a party to this Agreement. 8.下列任一當事人均可請由交付仲裁:(1)船舶所有人(2)貨物或其任何部分之所有人(3)個別承擔風險之運其任何部分之所有人(4)締約救助人(5)烯油及或物料之所有人(6)身為本協議當事人之一之任何其他人。 9. If the parties to any such Arbitration or any of them desire to be   heard or to adduce evidence at the Arbitration they shall give notice to that   effect to the Committee of Lloyd's and shall respectively nominate a person   in the United Kingdom to represent them for all the purposes of the   Arbitration and failing such notice and nomination being given the Arbitrator   or Arbitrates on Appeal may proceed as if the parties failing to give the   same had renounced their right to be heard or adduce evidence. 9.任何該仲裁之當事人或其中一方希望於仲裁庭中聽審或擔出證據者,應當通知勞依茲委員會並於各自委任一居住於英國之人於仲裁庭中代表該人,未為是項通知及委任,仲裁人或上訴仲裁人即應以該當事人已放棄聽審或提出證據之權利進行其程序。 10. The remuneration for the services within the meaning of this Agreement   shall be fixed by an Arbitrator to be appointed by the Committee of Lloyd's   and he shall have power to make an Interim Award ordering such payment on   account as may seem fair and just and on such terms as may be fair and just. 10.本契約之義之服務報酬應由勞依茲委員會所指派之仲裁決定之,且該仲裁人有權做出中間裁決,以公平合理條件為公平合理之預付款項。CONDUCT OF THE ARBITRATION仲裁作為11. The Arbitrator shall have power to obtain call for receive and act   upon any such oral or documentary evidence or information (whether the same   be strictly admissible as evidence or not) as he may think fit and to conduct   the Arbitration in such manner in all respects as he may think fit and shall   if in his opinion the amount of the security demanded is excessive have power   in his absolute discretion to condemn  the   Contractor in the whole or part of the expense of providing such security and   to deduct the amount in which the Contractor is so condemned from the salvage   remuneration. Unless the Arbitrator shall otherwise direct the parties shall   be at liberty to adduce expert evidence at the Arbitration. Any Award of the   Arbitrator shall (subject to appeal as provided in this Agreement) be final   and binding on all the parties concerned. The Arbitrator and the Committee of   Lloyd's may charge reasonable fees and expenses for their services in   connection with the Arbitration whether it proceeds to a hearing or not and   all such fees and expenses shall be treated as part of the costs of the   Arbitration. Save as aforesaid the statutory provisions as to Arbitration for   the time being in force in England shall apply.11.仲裁人有權取得、索取、收受並采用其認為適當之口頭或書面之證據或資料(不論該證據或資料可否嚴格地被認定為證據),並以,其認為適當之方式,對任何事項為仲裁進行。且如以其意見認為要求提供之擔保金額過於龐大時,在權決定將白日做夢該擔保之全部或一部之費用,要求締約救助人負擔並自救助報酬中予以扣減。除仲裁人另有特別指示,當事人得於仲裁中自由提供專家證據。任何裁定(受限於本契約之上訴規定)應予終結並拘束所有相關當事人。無論仲裁審理與否,仲裁人及勞依茲委員會就其服務,得要求合理之酬金及費用,且該所有的酬金及費用應視為仲裁成本之一部分。除前述條款外,應適用英國現行有效之仲裁相關法規。 12. Interest at a rate per annum to be fixed by the Arbitrator from the   expiration of 21 days (exclusive of Saturdays and Sundays or other days   observed as general holidays at Lloyd's) after the date of publication of the   Award and/or Interim Award by the Committee of Lloyd's until the date payment   is received by the Committee of Lloyd's both dates inclusive shall (subject   to appeal as provided in this Agreement) be payable upon any sum awarded   after deduction of any sums paid on account. 12.有關裁定金額扣減預付款後之差額,應自勞依茲委員會發布該裁定及或中間裁定之日起第21天(不包括周六及周日或勞依茲其他例假日)屆滿起,至勞依茲委員會收到金額之日止(首尾日計入),依仲裁人所決定之年利率加付利息(應適用本契約所規定之上訴規定)。PROVISIONS AS TO APPEAL上訴條款13. Any of the persons named under Clause 8 may appeal from the Award   but not without leave of the Arbitrator(s) on Appeal from an Interim Award   made pursuant to the provisions of Clause 10 hereof by giving written or   telegraphic or telex Notice of Appeal to the Committee of Lloyd's within 14   days (exclusive of Saturdays and Sundays or other days observed as general holidays   at Lloyd's) after the date of the publication by the Committee of Lloyd's of   the Award and may (without prejudice to their right of appeal under the first   part of this Clause) within 14 days (exclusive of Saturdays and Sundays or   other days observed as general holidays at Lloyd's) after receipt by them from   the Commit tee of Lloyd's of notice of such appeal (such notice if sent by   post to be deemed to be received on the day following that on which the said   notice was posted) give written or telegraphic or telex Notice of   Cross-Appeal to the Committee of Lloyd's. As soon as practicable alter receipt   of such notice or notices the Committee of Lloyd's shall refer the Appeal to   the hearing and determination of a person or persons selected by it In the   event of an Appellant or Cross-Appellant withdrawing his Notice of Appeal or   Cross-Appeal the hearing shall nevertheless proceed in respect of such Notice   of Appeal or Cross-Appeal as may remain. Any Award on Appeal shall be anal   and binding on all the parties concemed whether such parties were   representedor not at either the Arbitration or at the Arbitration on Appeal.13.第8條所列名之任何人,得於勞依茲委員會發布仲裁判斷之日後14日內(不包括周六、周日或其他勞依茲例假日),以書面,電報或電傳向勞依茲委員會為上訴之通知,針對仲裁判斷提出上訴,但非經上訴仲裁人允許,不得針對本契約第10條規定所做出之中間裁定提起上訴。其另可(於不損及其依所本條前述規定提起上訴之權利)於收到勞依茲委員有關上訴通知(交付郵局寄送之通知,以寄送日之次日視為收到日)後14日內(不包括周六、周日或其他勞依茲例假日),以書面、電報或電傳向勞依茲妝員會為交互上訴之通知。勞依茲委員於收到交互上訴通知後,應儘速地將該上訴交給委員會所指派之一或多仲裁人審理並做出裁決。如任何上訴或交互上訴被撤回,有關該上訴或交互上訴通知之上訴審理仍應維持般地繼續進行。任何上訴之裁定應予終結並拘束所有上訴仲裁之相關當事人,而無論其是否派有代表出席仲裁或上訴仲裁。CONDUCT OF THE APPEAL上訴仲裁作為14. No evidence other than the documents put in on the Arbitration and   the Arbitrator's notes of the proceedings and oral evidence if any at the   Arbitration and the Arbitrator's Reasons for his Award and Interim Award if   any and the transcript if any of any evidence given at the Arbitration shall   be used on used on the Appeal unless the Arbitrates on the Appeal shall in   his or their discretion call for or allow other evidence. The Arbitrator(s)   on Appeal may conduct the Arbitration on Appeal in such manner in all   respects as he or they may think fit and may act upon any such evidence or   information (whether the same be strictly admissible as evidence or not) as   he or they may think ht and may maintain increase or reduce the sum awarded   by the Arbitrator with the like power as is conferred by Clause 11 on the   Arbitrator to condemn the Contractor in the whole or part of the expense of   providing security and to deduct the amount disallowed from the salvage   remuneration. And he or they shall also make such order as he or they shall   think ht as to the payment of interest on the sum awarded to the Contractor.The Arbitrator(s) on the Appeal may direct in what manner the costs of   the Arbitration and of the Arbitration on Appeal shall be borne and paid and   he or they and the Committee of Lloyd's may charge reasonable fees and   expenses for their services inconnection with the Arbitration on Appeal whether it proceeds to a   hearing or not and all such fees and expenses shall be treated as part of the   costs of the Arbitration on Appeal. Save as aforesaid the statutory provisions   as to Arbitration for the time being in force in England shall apply.14.除於仲裁中所提出之文件,及仲裁人於程序進行中紀錄及仲裁中之口頭證詞(如有),仲裁人於其仲裁判斷及中間裁定(如有)之理由,及仲裁中所提交之任何證據之副本(如有)外,其他證據抱歉不得使用於上訴仲裁中,除非上訴仲裁人以其意見要求或準許該其他證據。上訴仲裁人在任何方面得以其認為適當之方式為上訴仲裁之進行。其可接受其認為適當之任何證據或資料(不論該證據或資料可否嚴格地被認定為證據),且可維持或增減仲裁人所裁定之金額,並具有第11條所賦予仲裁人之同樣權力,將所提供擔保額之全部或一部費用,命締約救助人承擔,並從救助報酬中予以扣減。上訴仲裁人亦得針對應支付給締約救助裁定金額之利息,為其認為適當之裁定。上訴仲裁人亦可裁定仲裁及上訴仲裁之費用負擔及支付之方式,且無論上訴仲裁是否開庭審理,上訴仲裁人及勞依茲委員就其上訴服務,得要求合理之酬金及費用,且該所有費用應視為仲裁成本之一部分。除前述條款外,應適用英國兩千有效之仲裁相關法規。PROVISIONS AS TO PAYMENT支付條款1.(a) In case of   Arbitration if no Notice of Appeal be received by the Committee of Lloyd's   within 14 days (exclusive of Saturdays and Sundays or other days observed as   general holidays at Lloyd's) after the date of the publication by the Committee   of the Award and/or Interim Award the Committee shall call upon the party or   parties concerned to pay the amount awarded and in the event of non-payment shall   realize or enforce the security and pay therefrom to the Contractor (whose receipt   shall be a good discharge to it) the amount awarded to him together with   interest as hereinbefore provided but the Contractor shall reimburse the parties   concerned to such extent as the final Award is less than the Interim Award.1.(a) 於仲裁情況下,如勞依茲委員會未於其公布裁定或中間裁定之日後14天內(不包括周六及周日或其他勞依茲例假日)收到上訴通知者,即可要求一方或多方之支付裁定之數額。如未支付,則是依締約救助人先前提供給委員會之足額保證支付該項已知之所有成本或強製實行訁擔保並將裁定之數額及其利息(如有)支付給締約救助人(其收取得適當免除其責任者)。締約救助人就裁定少於已暫付之任何數額或有關中間裁定額之範圍,應補償相關利害關係人。(b)If Notice of Appeal be received by the   Committee of Lloyd's in accordance with the provisions of Clause 13 hereof it   shall as soon as but not until the Award on Appeal has been published by it   call upon the party or parties concerned to pay the amount awarded and in the   event of non-payment shall realize or enforce the security and pay therefrom   to the Contractor (whose receipt shall be a good discharge to it) the amount   awarded to him together with interest if any in such manner as shall comply   with the provisions of the Award on Appeal.(b)如勞依茲委員會接獲依第13條規定之上訴通知,於上訴仲裁裁定發布後應儘速要求或數當事人支付裁定之數額,如未支付,則是依締約救助人先前提供給委員會之足額保證支付該項已知之所有成本或強製實行該擔保並將裁定之數額及其利息(如有)支付給締約救助人(其收取得適當免除其責任者)。(c)If the Award and/or Interim Award and/or Award   on Appeal provides or provide that the costs of the Arbitration and/or of the   Arbitration on Appeal or any part of such costs shall be borne by the   Contractor such costs may be deducted from the amount awarded before payment   is made to the Contractor by the Committee of Lloyd's unless satisfactory security   is provided by the Contractor for the payment of such costs.(c)如裁定及或中間裁定及或上訴裁定規定仲裁及或上訴仲裁之費用或該費用之任何部分應由締約救助人負擔時,除非締約救助人就該費用之支付提出足額擔保,否則該費用應於該款項支付給締約救助人前,從裁定或協議之數額中扣除。(d)If any sum shall become payable to the   Contractor as remuneration for his services and/or interest and/or costs as the   result of an agreement made between the Contractor and the parties interested   in the property salved or any of them the Committee of Lloyd's in the event   of non-payment shall realize or enforce the security and pay therefrom to the   Contractor (whose receipt shall be a good discharge to it) the amount agreed   upon between the parties.(d)對締約救助人服務之報酬及或利息及或費用,因締約救助人及所有權人或其間任何人所作之協議而應支付締約救助人任何數額時,如未支付,勞依茲委員會即會實現或強製執行該擔保並將裁定之數額及其利息(如有)支付給締約救助人(其收取得適當免除其責任者。(e)Without prejudice to the   provisions of Clause 4 hereof the liability of the Committee of Lloyd's shall   be limited in any event to the amount of security held by it.(e)不損及第4條之規定,勞依茲委員會之責任,於任何情況下,應受限於提供給委員會之擔保數額。GENERAL PROVISIONS一般規定16. Notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained should the operations   be only partially successful without any negligence or want of ordinary skill   and care on the part of the Contractor his Servants or Agents and any portion   of the vessel her appurtenances bunkers stores and cargo be salved by the Contractor   he shall be entitled to reasonable remuneration and such reasonable   remuneration shall be axed in case of difference by Arbitration in manner   hereinbefore prescribed. 16.不論前述規定為何,如締約救助人、其受雇人或代理人並無過失或無欠缺通常技術及註意,救助服務僅獲得部分成功,且締約救助人救起船舶、船上設備、燃油、物料或者船上貨物之任何部分,締約救助人有權得到合理報酬,如有爭議,該合理報酬應依照前述仲裁方式決定之。 l7. The Master or other person signing this   Agreement on behalf of the property to be salved enters into this Agreement   as Agent for the vessel her cargo freight bunkers and stores and the respective   owners thereof and binds each (but not the one for the other or himself   personally) to the due performance thereof. 17.代表被獲救財產議定本契約並簽署本契約之船長期或其他人視為船舶、其貨物、運費、烯油、物料及其上其他財產及其各自所有權人之代表人,並拘束每一人(非一人為他人或身身)而適當執行其職責。 18. In considering what sums of money have been expended by the   Contractor in rendering the services and/or in fixing the amount of the Award   and/or Interim Award and/or Award on Appeal the Arbitrator or Arbitrator(s)   on Appeal shall to such an extent and in so far as it may be fair and just in   all the circumstances give effect to the consequences of any change or changes   in the value of money or rates of exchange which may have occurred between   the completion of the services and the date on which the Award and/or Interim   Award and/or Award on Appeal is made. 18.於考量締約救助人提供服務所耗費之金錢數額,及或裁定及或中間裁定及或上訴裁定之數額時,仲裁人或上訴仲裁人應就所有情況均為公平合理之程度及範圍內,對服務終止日與作出裁定及或中間裁定及或上訴裁定之日間可能發生之有關多錢價值或兌換匯率之任何變動或數變動之影響進行調整。 19. Any Award notice authority order or other document signed by the   Chairman of Lloyd's or any person authorised by the Committee of Lloyd's for   the purpose shall be deemed to have been duly made or given by the Committee   of Lloyd's and shall have the same force and effect in all respects as if it   had been signed by every member of the Committee of Lloyd's. 19.任何裁定、通知、授權、要求或勞依茲主席或任何經委員會授權之人為此目的所簽署之其他文件,均應視為委員會已經為適當製作或提出,且在任何方面具有如經委員會任一委員簽署般之同樣強製力及效力。 20. The Contractor may claim salvage and enforce any Award or agreement   made between the Contractor and the parties interested in the property salved   against security provided under this Agreement if any in the name and on   behalf of any Sub-Contractors Servants or Agents including Masters and members   of the Crews of vessels employed by him in the services rendered hereunder   provided that he first indemnities and holds harmless the Owners of the   property salved against all claims by or liabilities incurred to the said   persons. Any such indemnity shall be provided in a form satisfactory to such Owners 20.締約救助人得代表任何次締約救助人、其或他們的受雇人或代理人,包括其或任何次締約救助人就此服務所雇用之船長及船舶之船員,依任何裁定或締約救助人與獲救財產利害關係人間之協議所提供之擔保為強製執行,然就獲救財產所有權對於訁人等所生之所有求償及責任,締約救助人應先予以補償並使之不受損害。該補償應以氖權人滿意之方式提供之。 2l. The Contractor shall be entitled to limit any liability to the Owners   of the subject vessel and/or her cargo bunkers and stores which he and/or his   Servants and/or Agents may incur in and about the services in the manner and   to the extent provided by English law and as if the provisions of the   Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976 were part of the   law of England. 21.締約救助人、及/或其受雇人、及或代理人因救助服務而須對被施救之船舶及/或船上貨物、燃油及物料之所有權人負責時,其可依照作為英國法律一部分之1976年海事求償責任限製公約所規定之方式及額度主張責任限製。  For and on behalf ofthe Contractor                                                   (To be signed either by the Contractor personally or by the Master of   the salving vessel or other person whose name is inserted in line 3 ofthis   Agreement)  代表締約救助人                                                   (應由締約人本人或施救船舶之船列名於本契約第三行之其他人簽署之。)  For and on behalf of the Owners of property to   be salved.                                                   (To be signed by the Master or other person   whose name is inserted in line 1 of this Agreement.)  代表獲求財產之所有權人                                                   (應由締約人第一行所列名之船長或其他人簽署之)   台灣 黃裕凱博士編譯    海難救助—1980年勞依茲救助契約 
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    发布于:2022-02-09 11:53:01
  • 船舶物权1974年约克—安特卫普规则 THE YORK-ANTWERP RULES
    1974年约克——安特卫普规则本规则是目前国际上普遍使用的共同海损理算规则,是国际海事委员会在1950年约克-安特卫普规则的基础上,于1974年在汉堡召开的会议上通过。       本规则系民间规则,供当事人自愿采纳。       规则说明       共同海损的理算,应当采用下列以文字和数字编排的规则。凡是同这些规则内容相抵触的任何法律和惯例,都不适用。       共同海损的理算,除以数字编排的规则中已有规定的以外,应按以文字编排的规则办理。       规则A       共同海损行为,是在,而且仅仅是在,共同航海事业中,为了共同安全,使有关财物得免于难,而有意并合理作出任何特殊牺牲或支付任何特殊费用时,才能存在。       规则B       共同海损牺牲和费用,应由各关系方按下述方式分摊。       规则C       只有属于共同海损行为直接后果的灭失、损害或费用,才能按共同海损处理。       由于船舶在航行中或在其后发生的延误而使船舶或货物蒙受的灭失或损害,例如船期延滞,以及任何间接损失,例如市场损失,都不得列为共同海损。       规则D       尽管引起牺牲或费用的事故可能是由于航海事业中一方的过失所造成,亦不得影响其在共同海损中进行分摊的权利。但这并不应对于就此项过失而得向该方提出的任何赔偿要求,或该方得就此而进行的抗辩有妨碍。       规则E       在共同海损案件中,要求赔偿的一方,应当负责举证,表明其所提出的灭失或费用,依理应当列为共同海损。       规则F       凡是代替另一项本可列为共同海损费用而发生的任何额外费用,都应视为并列入共同海损,而无须考虑其为其他关系方节省开支的情况(如有)。但这仅以所避免的共同海损费用的数额为限。       规则G       对于共同海损的灭失和分摊的理算,应以航行终了时和终了地的价值为准。       这一规则不得影响对编制海损理算书地点的规定。       规则1 抛弃货物       货物的抛弃,除该货系按公认货运习惯运输者外,不得作为共同海损受偿。       规则2 抛弃货物的损害和为共同安全所作的牺牲       由于为共同安全所作牺牲或其后果所造成的,以及为共同安全抛弃货物而进入所开舱口或其它开口的水所造成的船舶和货物或其中之一的损害,应当作为共同海损受偿。       规则3 扑灭船上火灾       在扑灭船上火灾时,由于水或其他原因,包括使失火船舶搁浅或将其凿沉,致使船舶和货物或其中之一遭受的损害,应作为共同海损受偿。但对由于烟熏和受热所致的损害,不论是怎样造成的,不得受偿。       规则4 割弃残损部分       由于割弃残损部分或原已在海难中被冲走或确已灭失的部分而造成的灭失或损害,不得作为共同海损受偿。       规则5 自愿搁浅       如船舶为共同安全而自愿搁浅,不论其是否会被冲击碰岸,凡是由此而遭受的灭失或损害,都应作为共同海损受偿。       规则6 救助报酬       参与航海事业的关系方由于救助而发生的费用,不论这种救助是否根据契约进行,只要救助活动是为了使共同航海事业中的财物得免于难,便应列为共同海损受偿。       规则7 机器和锅炉损害       对于搁浅并处于危险境地的船舶,为力图将其重新浮起,致使任何机器及锅炉蒙受损害,如经证明这一损害确是为了共同安全,甘冒这种损害的危险而发生的,则应将这项损害列为共同海损。但船舶在飘浮状态下因使用推进机或锅炉而受的灭失或损害,在任何情况下,都不得列为共同海损受偿。       规则8 搁浅船舶减载费用及因此而受的损害       如果船舶搁浅,而货物、船用燃料及物料,或其中任何一项,作为共同海损行为卸下,则减轻积载、租用驳船和重装(如曾发生)等额外费用,以及由此所受灭失或损害,都应列为共同海损。       规则9 作为燃料烧掉的船用材料和物料       在危急情况下,为了共同安全而不得不作为燃料烧掉的船用材料或物料,或其中任何一项,应列为共同海损,但这要以,并且仅以,该船曾经备足燃料为限。而对该船驶离上一停泊港口之日按该港市价计算的本需耗用的估计燃料数量,则应自共同海损中扣除。       规则10 在避难港等处的费用       (1)当船舶因意外事故、牺牲或其他特殊情况,为了共同安全,而必须驶往避难港口或避难地点,或已驶回装货港口或装货地点,则驶入这种港口或地点的费用,应列为共同海损。而当该船已载其原有货物或其一部分驶离上述港口时,则因驶入避难港或驶回装货港而引起的驶离这种港口的费用,应同样列为共同海损。       当船舶停泊于任何避难港口或地点,因不能在该第一港口或地点进行修理而需驶往另一港口或地点时,规则中的各项规定应在第二港口或地点适用,犹如这种港口或地点即是避难港口或避难地点。此种转移的费用包括临时修理费及拖带费,应列为共同海损。       第11条的内容适用于因这样转移而延长的航次时间。       (2)在船上移动或卸下货物、燃料或物料的费用,当如此移动或卸货乃是共同安全之所需,或为使船舶因牺牲或意外所受的损害得以修复,而这项修复又为继续安全之所需时,则不论这种费用系发生于装货、停泊或避难的港口或地点,都应列为共同海损。除非在装货或停泊港口或地点发现,对船舶的损害,并不是在航行中遭遇与这一损害相关连的任何意外或特殊情况之下发生的。       当在船上移动或卸下货物、燃料或物料的费用,完全是由于在航次之中发生捣舱,因而为重新积载的目的而发生时,除非这种重新积载是为共同安全所必需,便不得列为共同海损。       (3)凡在货物、燃料或物料的移动费或卸载费得以列为共同海损时,则这项货物、燃料或物料的贮存费(包括保险费,如曾合理发生)、重装费及积载费,亦应同样列为共同海损。然如该船丧失航海能力,或不继续原定航次,则只有截至该船丧失航海能力或放弃原定航次之日为止的贮存费,得列为共同海损。而如在卸货完毕之前该船已经丧失航海能力,或不继续原定航次,则只有截至卸货完毕之日为止的贮存费,得列为共同海损。       规则11 驶往和在避难港等地所付船员工资、伙食及其他开支       (1)船舶因驶往避难港口或避难地点,或因驶回其装货港口或装货地点,致使航次时间延长;如该船驶入这种港口或地点的费用,根据规则10(1)项规定,得列为共同海损,则在此次延长期间合理付与船长、高级船员、一般船员的工资、伙食,以及所耗用的燃料和物料,都应列为共同海损。       (2)若船舶在发生意外、牺牲或在其他特殊情况下,为了共同安全,或为使由于牺牲或意外而对船舶造成的损害得以修复,而驶入或停留在任何港口或地点;如果这种修复乃是继续安全航行之所需,则在这种港口或地点额外停留期间合理发生的船长、高级船员和一般船员的工资和伙食,应列为共同海损,直至该船将能或应能作好准备继续航行之时为止。       但如在装货或停泊港口或地点发现,该船的损害,并不是在航行中遭遇与这一损害相关连的任何意外或特殊情况之下发生的,则为对如此发现的损害进行修复而额外停留期间所付船长、高级船员及一般船员的工资及伙食,以及所用燃料及物料,都不得列为共同海损,即使此项修复乃系继续安全航行之所需。       如该船丧失航海能力,或不继续其原定航次,则只有截至其丧失航海能力或放弃原定航次之日为止所付船长、高级船员和一般船员的工资及伙食,以及所用燃料与物料,得列为共同海损。而如在卸货完毕之前,该船已经丧失航海能力,或已放弃原定航次,则只有截至卸货完毕之日为止所付船长、高级船员和一般船员的工资及伙食,以及所用燃料与物料,得列为共同海损。       在额外停留期间耗用的燃料与物料,除为进行修理而耗用者不得列为共同海损外,均得列为共同海损。       在额外停留期间支付的港口费,除完全由于进行修理而发生者不得列为共同海损外,亦均得列为共同海损。       (3)本条及本规则其他各条中所提到的工资,不论其为依法应由船舶所有人负担,或是根据雇佣条款及条件而支付,都包括付与船长、高级船员及一般船员,以及为其利益而支付的一切款项。       (4)如为保养或修理船舶而付与船长、高级船员或一般船员加班费,该项加班费不得列为共同海损,而只是不超过其所节省的如若未曾付出这项加班费,便会发生并会被列为共同海损费用的那部分开支,才能列为共同海损。       规则12 卸货等过程中造成的损害       货物、燃料或物料在操作、起卸、存栈、重装和积载过程中所受的损害和灭失,在而且仅在这些作业的费用已分别列为共同海损时,才能作为共同海损受偿。       规则13 修理费用的扣减       对于应列为共同海损的修理费,除其船龄在十五年以上者应扣减三分之一以外,凡以新材料或部件更换旧材料或部件时,不好进行以新换旧的扣减。上述扣减应依船龄计算,自船舶竣工之年的12月31日起,至发生共同海损行为之日为止。但对绝缘设备、救生艇及类似船艇、通讯及航行器材及装备,机器及锅炉的扣减,则按适用扣减规定的部件使用年限计算。此项扣减只应自新材料或部件完工并即可在船上装设时的价款中扣算。       对伙食、物料、锚及锚链不得进行扣减。       船坞费、船台费及移泊费应全数列入共同海损。       清洗及油漆船底费用,不得列为共同海损;但如船底已在共同海损行为发生之日以前12个月涂过油漆,则油漆费用的半数应予列入。       规则14 临时修理       如船舶为共同安全或因共同海损牺牲所受损害而在某一装货港、停泊港或避难港进行修理,这种修理费用应列为共同海损。       如果意外损害的临时修理乃是为使该船完成有关航次,这种修理费用便应列为共同海损,而不考虑为其他关系方节省开支的情况(如有),但其数额仅以所节省的如未在该地进行这项修理便会发生并会被列为共同海损费用的那部分开支为限。       列为共同海损的临时修理费用,不作“以新换旧”的扣减。       规则15 运费损失       由于货物的灭失或损害所造成的运费损失,不论这种灭失或损害是由共同海损行为所造成,或是货物的灭失或损害已由共同海损所补偿,都应作为共同海损受偿。       从损失的运费总额中,应当扣除船舶所有人为赚取这笔运费本应支付、但因发生该项共同海损的牺牲未支付的费用。       规则16 因牺牲造成的货物灭失或损害的受偿数额       遭受牺牲的货物所受损害或灭失之应作为共同海损受偿的数额,应以此项牺牲所造成的损失为准,以卸货的价值为基础,按开付收货人的商业发票计算,而在无有此项发票时,则按装船时的价值计算。卸货时的价值应包括保险费及运费,除非此项运费系由货方以外的关系方所支付。       如受损货物被出售,而受损数额尚未另行决定时,则列为共同海损受偿的损失,应为所售货款净值与按本条第1款计算的完好货物净值之间差额。       规则17 分摊价值       对共同海损的分摊,应根据航程终了时财物的实际净值计算,但货物价值则为按开付收货人的商业发票计算的卸货时的价值,而在无有此项发票时,则应以装船时的价值为准。货物的价值应当包括保险费及运费(除非该项运费系由货方以外的关系方所预付),并应扣除卸货前或卸货时货物所受灭失和损害。船舶价值应在不考虑该船可能签订的光船或定期租约的有利或不利影响的情况下确定。       在上述价值之外,如果尚未列入牺牲财物之作为共同海损受偿的数额,便应将其列入。自应收运费及客票收入中,应当扣除如若在发生共同海损行为之日该船及其货载已遭全损,因而未曾作为共同海损受偿的,为赚取运费而发生的费用,以及船员工资;还应自财物的价值中扣除在共同海损行为发生之日以后,除已列入共同海损者之外,在该项财物方面发生的一切额外费用。       但是货物如在到达目的地之前已被出售,则应按实际售价净值分摊,并应加列已作为共同海损受偿的任何数额。       未发提单而装运的旅客行李和私人物件,不应分摊共同海损。       规则18 船舶损害       共同海损行为对船舶、机器及(或)索具造成的损害或灭失,其应列为共同海损受偿的数额如下:       甲、如曾进行修理或更新,受偿数额应为修理或更新此项损害或灭失的实际合理费用。对此,应按第13条规定进行扣减。       乙、如未进行修理或更新,则受偿数额应为由于此项损害或灭失而引起的合理折旧费,但不超过估计修理费。但如该船发生实际全损,或对损害进行修理的费用将会超过该船修理后的价值,则列为共同海损的数额,应为扣除不属于共同海损的对损害进行修理的估计费用数额之后的该船估计完好价值,与可按其售价净值算出的该船在受损状态下的价值之间之差。       规则19 未经申报或声报不实的货物       未通知船舶所有人或其代理人而装载的货物,或在装船时故意虚报的货物所受的损害或灭失,不得列为共同海损。但如该货获救,则仍应参加分摊。       装船时以低于其实际价值声报的货物,其所受损害或灭失,应按其声报价值受偿,但此种货物应按实际价值分摊共同海损。       规则20 款项的提供       除船长、高级船员和一般船员的工资、伙食以及非在航行中补充的燃料和物料之外的、因共同海损而支付的费用的2%手续费,应列共同海损。但如上述费用不是由分摊关系方中的任何一方提供,则以船舶抵押契约或其他方式筹集该款时所付的费用,或为此目的而售出货物的货主所受的损失,都应列为共同海损。       预提为支付共同海损费用之用的款项,其保险费用也应列为共同海损。       规则21 在共同海损中受偿的损失的利息       对于共同海损的费用、牺牲和扣减数额,应至共同海损理算书制就之日为止,按年利7%计算利息,由各分摊关系方或从共同海损备用金中支付的任何临时偿款,应予如数扣减。       规则22 保证金的处理       如已就货方对共同海损、救助或特别费用所承担的义务收取保证金,便应立即将该项保证金以船舶所有人代表和保证金支付人代表的联合名义,存入双方同意银行的特别帐户。存入的款项和所生利息,应作为付与有权获得须由货方支付的,为此已经收取保证金的关于共同海损、救助或特别费用的关系方的款项的担保。如经海损理算师对此提出书面证明,便应支付帐款或退还保证金。这种保证金、付款或退款,对各关系方的最后责任都不发生影响。       附一:一八九○约克·安特卫普规则       细则第一条 抛弃甲板货物       装载在甲板上的货物被抛弃,不得认为是共同海损。任何结构不是建造在船体肋骨之内的应认为是船舶甲板的一部分。       细则第二条 为了共同安全进行抛弃和牺牲造成的损害       为了船货共同安全造成牺牲或者牺牲的后果,而受到的共同的或单方的损害,以及为了共同安全,进行抛货,海水从打开的舱口或者弄破的洞流入舱内而受到的共同的或单方的损害,应认为是共同海损。       细则第三条 扑灭船上的火灾       在扑灭船上的火灾的时候,由于水和其它原因,包括使被焚船舶披滩或者将其自沉,致船舶与货物共同或单独受到损害,应作为共同海损受偿。但船舶与散装货物已着过火部分,或者件装货物已着火的包件,所受的损害均不能受偿。       细则第四条 割弃残物       凡是由于海滩,业已造成船体或者其他部分的残余又被割弃的损失,不得认为是共同海损而受到补偿。       细则第五条 故意搁浅       按照当时的情况如果船舶不采取故意搁浅,也将无法避免沉没,或者驶上浅滩,或者碰上礁石,由于此项故意搁浅而造成了船舶货物或者运费共同的或者个别的灭失或者损失。       细则第六条 张满船帆—船帆的灭失与损害       为了共同安全强使船舶脱离浅滩,或强使该船向更高位再搁一搁,致使船帆或者桅杆共同或单独受到灭失或者损害,应作为共同海损受偿。但船舶在浮漂状态下,由于张满全帆致使船舶货物或者运费共同或单独蒙受灭失或损害,不能由共同海损补偿。       细则第七条 起浮船舶机器受损       船舶搁了浅处于危险的情况下,力图重新浮起,致使机器与锅炉受到损害,如经证明确属为了共同安全起见而遭遇这种损害使船起浮,则此种损害应列为共同海损。       细则第八条 搁浅船舶减载费用及其所受的损害       船舶搁浅的时候,为了起浮的目的,卸下船上货物、煤炭与船用物料,或者任何其中的一项,为了减载支出卸费、驳船费用与重装费用(如果需要时)以及因此所受的损害和灭失均应列为共同海损。       细则第九条 船用货物材料物料当作燃料被烧掉       在遇险的情况下,为了共同安全,船上货物、材料和物料或者其中任一种必须当作燃料烧掉,唯有在该船备足燃料的情况下,才能列为共同海损;估计原来应该消耗的煤炭数量,再按该船驶离最后港口当日的市价计算价额,由船方负责,在共同海损中扣除。       细则第十条 避难港等处的费用       (甲)由于意外牺牲或者其他特殊情况的后果,为了共同安全的需要,船舶驶进了避难港地或者返航回到装货港地,所支付的费用,将被认为是共同海损;该船舶从业已驶进的避难港地或者返航回装货港地,又重装原来的全部或部分货物出港,所有离港相应有关的各项费用,同样被认为是共同海损。       (乙)船舶在航程中遭受了牺牲或者意外事故造成了损害,为了共同安全或者为了安全的完成本航程,在装货港地、停靠港地或者避难地进行修理,必须从船上卸下货物时,该货物的卸费应列为共同海损。       (丙)当货物卸物载费用已被认为是共同海损的时候,所有重装和在该船上堆放、连同全部存栈费用,均应列为共同海损。但当船舶丧失续航能力,或者不完成原来航程的时候,自丧失续航能力或者放弃原来航程之日起,所有入栈各费不得列入共同海损。       (丁)发生共同海损的船舶,实际上可以在港地进行修理,使得船舶承运全部货物续航,但为了节省开支起见,将该船拖往另一港或者目的港进行修理,或者将一部分货物或全部货物另由它船转运,或者使用其他办法运送货物,此项拖船费、转运费或由其他方法运送的额外开支,或其中任何一项的额外费用(应以被节省的额外费用为限),应由共同航行事业各方面,按照该被节省的额外费用按比例负担。       细则第十一条       按照细则第十条的规定,为了修理船舶的目的,该船舶驶入任何港地或者因为特殊情况停留在该港地,在此项特别停留期内所支出的船长、船员的工资连同给养费用,应该列为共同海损,一直付到该船能够或者应该能够准备开航时为止。如该船丧失续航能力,或者不按原来航程航行,所有在丧失续航能力或者放弃原航程之日以后船长和船员的工资和给养不得列为共同海损。       细则第十二条 货物因卸载等措施的过程受到的损失       货物由于在卸载、入栈、重装或者重新堆放的措施中必需受到的损害或者灭失,唯有在各有关措施的费用被列为共同海损的时候,才可以认为是共同海损。       细则第十三条 修理费的扣减       在理算共同海损的时候,对于共同海损的修理费,应按下列“新换旧”的规定扣减。       对于钢料或者铁料的船舶,由原始登记之日起至发生事故之日止。       甲——一年以内       除去油漆船底扣减三分之一外,所有修理费用全部计入。       乙——一年至三年之间       船身、船桅和帆杆的木材料部分,家具、舱内装饰品、陶器、金属和玻璃器皿,连同船帆、索具、绳、帆脚索、大缆(钢丝绳和链条除外)、天篷、篷布和油漆,无论修理或者换新,都扣减三分之一。       钢丝索具、钢丝绳、钢丝缆、锚链、链条、副汽机、起货物机和连接零件,起重汽机和连接零件都扣减六分之一,其余修理费用全部计入。       丙——三年至六年之间       除去船桅和帆杆及机器铁质部分(包括锅炉和装置零件)扣减六分之一外,均按上述乙项规定扣减。       丁——六年至十年之间       除去船桅、帆杆和机器的修理和换新(包括锅炉和装置零件和所有大缆、绳、帆脚索和索具都扣减三分之一外,均按上述两项规定扣减。       戊——十年至十五年之间       除去船身的铁料部分和水泥结构和锚链扣减六分之一外,其余所有修理和换新都扣减三分之一。船锚全部计入。       己——十五年以上       所有修理和换新扣减三分之一,船锚全部计入,锚链扣减六分之一。       庚——总则       各项扣减(除去食品、物料、机器和锅炉)应按船舶的年龄计算,不按各该物件的年龄计算。如在发生事故前六个月以内未曾油漆过船底,不得将油漆船底费用计入。对于旧料进行修理而未曾换新和未曾用的食品和物料不得扣减。       (木制和木铁结构的船舶)       对于木制和木铁结构的船舶:       船舶发生事故在原始登记之日起一年以下者,新换旧无须扣减。不属上开期限者,除去下列以外,都扣减三分之一。       船锚全部计入,锚链仅按六分之一扣减。       未曾用过的食品、物料不得扣减。       船壳金属包皮,按照剩下来的重量,减去旧金属包皮出售的价款后,全部计入。钉子,毡料和工人敲套金属包皮的工资按三分之一扣减。       对于一般船舶:       对于所有船舶,铁料弯曲部分敲平,包括人工拆装费用,应全部计入。       干船坞的费用,包括移泊的费用,车费,使用起重架、船台和干船坞的材料费用应全部计入。       细则第十四条 临时修理       列为共同海损的临时修理,不按“新换旧”的规定扣减。       细则第十五条 运费丧失       由于共同海损行为所致的货物损害或灭失,或者可以由共同海损补偿的货物损害或者灭失,所造成的运费损减丧失,应列为共同海损。       细则第十六条 因为牺牲货物受到损害或灭失的补偿       因为牺牲,货物受到的损害或灭失,应由共同海损补偿,其补偿的数额是货方所受的损失,按照船舶在到达或者终止航程港地之日的市价计算。       细则第十七条 分担价值       共同海损分担数额,应按航程终了港地的财产实际价值,加上因为财产被牺牲或损害所受到的共同海损补偿额,船方应收尚未收到的运费和客票的数额中,应该扣减船舶和货物在共同海损行为或者牺牲发生之日遭遇全船灭失,因而不必再行支付各项有关港口费用和船员工资的数额,和已经支付的不被认为是共同海损费用的数额,由财产价值中扣减在共同海损以后所发生的各项费用,但被认为是共同海损的费用则不必扣减。       凡不是按提单方式承运的旅客的行李和个人随身携带物件不必分担共同海损。       细则第十八条 理算       除去上述各细则条文规定外,如果运送契约中,并未规定照按本规则理算共同海损的时候,应该按受理理算的地点的法律和处理方法办理。       附二:一九二四年约克·安特卫普规则       原 则 A       共同海损行为仅限于在共同航海事业中为了使遇难的财产免除危险为目的,为保持共同安全有意而合理地作出特殊牺牲或者发生特殊费用的情况才能承认。       原 则 B       共同海损的牺牲及费用应按下列规定由各利害关系方面共同分担。       原 则 C       限于共同海损的直接后果所造成的损害、灭失或者费用,才能认为是共同海损。       由于船舶在航行中发生了迟延,而使船舶或者货物遭受的损害或者灭失,和因为同样的原因所造成的间接损失,例如船期迟延和货物的市场损失,不得认为是共同海损。       原 则 D       共同航海事业中,一方的过失所造成的牺牲或者增加的费用,虽不影响共同海损分担的权利,但并不因此而妨碍向有过失的一方要求赔偿。       原 则 E       主张共同海损的一方应举证说明所遭遇的损失或者所要求的费用属于共同海损。       原 则 F       任何额外费用,凡是因为代替另一项可以认为是共同海损的费用而支出的,均认为是共同海损,但所认为共同海损之数额,不以超过所避免的原来共同海损费用的数额为限。       原 则 G       共同海损的损失和分担的理算应以航行终了时间和地点的价值为准。       本条规定不得影响对编制海损理算书地点之规定。       细则第一条 抛弃货物       货物的抛弃,除该货是按照公认的航运习惯运送者外,不得受共同海损补偿。       细则第二条 为了共同安全进行抛弃和牺牲造成的损害       为了船货共同安全造成牺牲者或牺牲的后果,而受到的共同的或单方的损害,以及为了共同安全,进行抛货,海水从打开的舱口或者弄破的洞流入舱内而受到的共同的或单方的损害,应认为是共同海损。       细则第三条 扑灭船上的火灾       在扑灭船上火灾的时候,由于水和其它原因,包括使被焚船舶披滩或者将其自沉,致船舶与货物共同或单独受到损害,应作为共同海损受偿。但船舶与散装货物已着过火部分,或者件装货物已着火的包件,所受的损害均不能受偿。       细则第四条 割弃残物       凡是由于海难,业已造成船体或者其他部分的残余又被割弃的损失,不得认为是共同海损而受到补偿。       细则第五条 故意搁浅       按照当时的情况如果船舶不采取故意搁浅,也将无法避免沉没,或者驶上浅滩,或者碰上礁石,由于此项故意搁浅而造成了船舶货物或者运费共同的或者个别的灭失或者损害,不能由共同海损补偿。       但是其他情况下,为了共同安全而故意搁浅了,所引起的灭失或损害,应由共同海损补偿。       细则第六条 张满船帆——船帆的灭失与损害       为了共同安全强使船舶脱离浅滩,或强使该船向更高位再搁一搁,致使船帆或者桅杆共同或单独受到灭失或者损害,应作为共同海损受偿。但船舶在浮漂状态下,由于张满全帆致使船舶货物或者运费共同或单独蒙受灭失或损害,不能由共同海损补偿。       细则第七条 起浮沉船机器受损       船舶搁了浅和在危险的情况下,力图重新浮起,致使机器锅炉到损害,如经证明确为了共同安全起见而遭受此种损害使船舶浮起,则应将此种损害列为共同海损。但船舶在浮动状态下使用机器与锅炉所受到的损害或者灭失,不得列为共同海损。       细则第八条 搁浅船舶减载费用及其所受的损害       船舶搁浅的时候,船上货物、船用燃料与物料,共同的或者单独的因为共同海损的行为进行卸载,其减载和使用驳船与重装(如果需要时)各项额外费用以及因此受的损害和灭失,均应列为共同海损。       细则第九条 船用材料和物料当作燃料烧掉       在遇到危险的时候,为了共同安全,船上材料和物料或者其中的一项,必须当作燃料烧掉,唯有在该船备足燃料的情况下,才能列为共同海损;估计原来应该消耗的燃料数量,按该船驶离最后港口当日的市价计算价额,由共同海损项内扣除。       细则第十条 避难港等处的费用       (a)由于意外牺牲或者其他特殊情况的后果,为了共同安全的需要,船舶驶进了避难港地或者返航回到装货港地,所支付的费用,将被认为是共同海损;该船舶从业已驶进的避难港地,或者返航回装货港地,又重装原来的全部或部分货物出港,所有离港相应有关的各项费用,同样被认为是共同海损。       (b)船舶遭受牺牲或者意外事故造成了损害,为了共同安全或者为了安全的完成本航程,而必须在装卸港地、停靠港地或者避难港地修理,在进行修理时更必须搬动或者卸下在船上的货物、燃料或者物料,该项搬动或者卸载费用,应列为共同海损。       (c)当货物、燃料或者物料搬动或者装载费用,已经列为共同海损的时候。对于此项燃料或者物料的重装、重新堆放连同一切入栈(包括可能发生的火险费用)等费用,也应列为共同海损。但当船舶丧失航行能力,或者不完成原来航程的时候,自丧失续航能力或者放弃原来航程之日起,所有入栈各费,不得列为共同海损。如果丧失续航能力,或者放弃原订航程,是在货物卸完之前决定的,所有上述入栈各费算至卸货完毕之日为止,列为共同海损。       (d)发生共同海损的船舶,实际上可以在港地进行修理,使得船舶承运全部货物续航但为了节省开支起见,将该船拖往另一港地或者目的港进行修理,或者将一部分货物或全部的货物另由它船转运,或者使用其他方法运送货物,此项拖船费、转运费或由其他方法运送的额外开支,或其中任何一项的额外费用(应以被节省的额外费用为限),应由共同航运事业各方面,按照该被节省的额外费用按比例负担。       细则第十一条       按照细则第十条规定,为了进行修理船舶的目的,该船舶驶入任何港地或者因为特殊情况停留在该港地,在此项特别停留期内所支出的船长、船员的工资连同给养等费用,应列为共同海损,一直付到该船舶能够或者应该能够准备开航为止。在该船丧失续航能力,或者放弃原航程之日以后,船长、船员的工资和给养不得列为共同海损。如果丧失续航能力或者放弃原来航程的决定在卸货完毕之前作出,应列入共同海损的船长、船员的工资和给养算至卸货完毕之日为止。       细则第十二条       货物、燃料或者物料,在搬动或者卸载入栈、重装或者重新堆放的措施中有了损害或者灭失,唯有在各有关措施的费用被列为共同海损的时候,才可以认为是共同海损。       细则第十三条 修理费的扣减       在理算共同海损的时候,对于共同海损的修理费,应按下列“新换旧”的规定扣减。       对于铁料和钢料的船舶,由原始登记之日起至发生事故之日止。       A——一年以内       除去油漆船底扣减三分之一外,所有修理费用全部计入。       B——一年至三年之间       船身、船桅和帆杆的木料部分,家具、舱内装饰品,陶器、金属和玻璃器皿,连同船帆、索具、绳、帆脚索、大缆(钢丝绳和链条除外)、天篷、篷布和油漆无论修理或者换新,都扣减三分之一。       钢丝索具,钢丝绳,钢丝缆,无线电设备,锚链,链条,绝缘副汽机,舱汽机及其连接零件,起货汽机及其连接零件,起重机及其连接零件和电动机器都扣减六分之一,其余修理费用全部计入。       C——三年至六年之间       除去绝缘设备扣减三分之一,船桅和帆杆的铁料部分和全部机器(包括锅炉及其装置零件)扣减六分之一外,都按上述乙项规定扣减。       D——六年至十年之间       除去船桅和帆杆的铁料部分,副汽机、舱汽机、起货机、起觉机及其连接零件和全部机器的修理或者换新(包括锅炉及其装置零件),无线电设备和所有大缆、绳、帆脚索和索具扣减三分之一外,都按丙项规定扣减。       E——十年至十五年       除去船身的铁料部分和水泥结构和锚链扣减六分之一外,其余所有修理和换新都扣减三分之一。船锚全部计入。       F——十五年以上       所有修理和换新扣减三分之一,船锚全部计入,锚链扣减六分之一。       G——总则       各项扣减(除去食品、物料、绝缘设备、无线电器材,机器和锅炉)应按船舶的年龄计算,不按各该物件的年龄计算。如在事故发生前六个月以内未曾油漆过船底,不得将油漆船底的费用计入。对于旧料进行修理未曾换新和未曾用的食品、物料和舱机及起货机的零件都不扣减。       (木制和木铁结构的船舶)       对于木制和木铁结构的船舶:       船舶发生事故在原始登记之日起一年以下者,新换旧无须扣减。不属上开期限者,除去下列以外,都扣减三分之一。       船锚全部计入,锚链仅按六分之一扣减。       未曾用过的食品和物料不得扣减。       船壳金属包皮,按照剩下来的重量,减去旧金属包皮出售的价款数字后全部计入。钉子、毡料和工人敲套金属包皮的工资按三分之一扣减。       当船舶进行安装车叶、冷藏设备、电动机器或者其他机器或者绝缘设备或者无线电设备的时候,对于这些机器、绝缘设备或者无线电设备都按铁料、钢料船舶扣减的规定办理。       对于一般船舶:       对于所有的船舶,铁料弯曲部分敲平,包括人工拆装费用,应全部计入。       干船坞的费用,包括移泊的费用,车费,使用起重架、船台和干船坞的材料费用应全部计入。       细则第十四条 临时修理       凡船舶为了共同安全或者因为共同海损的牺牲受到损害,在装货港停靠或者避难港进行临时修理,此项修理费用,应作为共同海损。但由于意外受到的损害,仅限于为了完成本航程而作的临时修理,才得列为共同海损。此项临时修理费用,不问对于其他利害方面有无节省,应该是如果不在避难港进行临时修理,而势将发生的共同海损费用额数为限。       列为共同海损的临时修理不按“新换旧”的规定扣减。       细则第十五条 运费丧失       由于共同海损行为所致的货物损害或者灭失,或者可以由共同海损补偿的货物损害或者灭失,所造成的运费损减丧失,应列为共同海损。       从损失运费总额中,应扣减船舶所有人为获得运费所应支付的费用,但此项应支付的费用,因为货物被牺牲的后果,并未支出。       细则第十六条 因为牺牲货物受到损害或灭失的补偿       因为牺牲,货物受到的损害或者灭失,应由共同海损补偿,其补偿的数额,是货方的损失,按照船舶在到达目的港之日,或者在到达原来目的港以外作为终止航程的港地之日的市价计算。       受到损害的货物,在到达后业已出售,共同海损应该补偿的数额应按货物出售之日的完好状态和受损状态的差价与完好状态市价作百分比引用在船舶到达之日的货物完好状态市价的数额为准。       细则第十七条 分担价值       共同海损分担数额,应按航程终了港地的财产实际净值,如果尚未将因为财产被牺牲,所受到的共同海损补偿包括在内的时候,应该在财产实际净值加上共同海损的补偿款,船方应收尚未收到的运费和客票的数额中应该扣减船方和货物在共同海损行为发生之日,正如船舶与货物遭遇灭失,不必再行为获得运费而支付的各项有关费用和船员工资的数额,和已经支付的不被认为是共同海损费用的数额,由财产价值中扣减在共同海损行为以后所发生的各项费用,但被认为是共同海损的费用则不必扣减。       凡不是按提单方式承运的旅客的行李和个人随身携带物件不必分担共同海损。       细则第十八条 船舶的损害       船体、机器、舱机和起重机以及其他机器和设备所用的零件,因受到损害或灭失,需要修理与更换时,应列入共同海损,以真实合理的修理和更换的费用为限,在以新料换旧料的时候,应按上述细则第十三条的规定扣减。如不修理,应承认合理的值,但贬值的数额,不得超过估计修理费用。       当船舶发生实际完成灭失或者推定完全灭失,由于共同海损行为所致的损害或灭失,由共同海损补偿的数额,应该是在估计的船舶完好状态的价值中,减去估计不属于共同海损的损害、修理费用和可能出售的售价。       细则第十九条 未经声明或声明不实的货物       船舶所有人或其代理人不知道被装上船的货物,或者装船的时候故意虚报的货物,受到损害,或者灭失,不得列为共同海损。但此项货物被救后应负分担责任。       装载的货物申明不实,受到损害或者灭失,在申明的价值低于实际价值的时候,按申明的价值补偿,按真实的价值分担。       细则第二十条 进港等费用       船舶因驶往避难港地或驶返原装货港地,以致航程延长,如该船驶入此种港地的费用,按照细则第十条a项规定,可以认为是共同海损的时候,则此项延长期间中合理耗用燃料和物料与合理支付的船长和全体船员的薪金与给养应列为共同海损。       在原来的装货港或者避难港地停靠的额外停留期间,船长和船员的工资与给养按细则第十一条的规定已认为是共同海损的时候,所耗用的燃料和物料也应列为共同海损,但进行不属于共同海损的修理所耗用的燃料与物料除外。       细则第二十一条 筹款       按照给付共同海损费用的数额应该付2%的手续费,也得列为共同海损,如果此项支付的款项不是由分担关系人任何一方所筹来的时候,而以抵押船舶或者其他方法而筹来的时候,其筹款所支付的费用或者将货物出售所致的货方损失,均应列为共同海损。       为了保证归还支付共同海损费用的垫款,可以进行投保,其保险费用也应列为共同海损。       细则第二十二条 共同海损补偿的损失应付利息       共同海损的费用、牺牲和补贴计算利息,应列入共同海损,按照航程终了目的港地法定年率计算,倘无法定年率的时候,则按年率百分之五的利息算,至共同海损理算书作成之日为止。各分担关系人付出或者由保证金项下拨的临时帐款,应予以适当贴补。       细则第二十三条 保证金的处理       因为共同海损、救助或者特别费用,由于货方负有责任交付的保证金,应以两名受托人(一名由船方选出,另一名由交付保证金方面选出)联合名义,用特别户名存入两位受托人同意的银行,最好能生利息。所有存款和可能生出的利息,应当视为由于共同海损、救助或者特别费用货方给付该当受偿方面的作为保证而向货方收取的保证金。按照理算人的书面证明,二位受托人有权从保证金项内支付帐款或把保证金退还。交付保证金,支付帐款或把保证金退还,并不影响各关系人的最后责任。       附三:一九五○年约克·安特卫普规则       理算共同海损时,除有关法令或习惯相抵触者外,应依下列各原则及条文规定办理。       共同海损的理算,除条文部份已有规定外,应按原则部份办理。       原则一       凡在海上共同航行中遭遇危难,为共同之安全,以便有关财产免于遭难起见,在合理之措施下,故意构成特殊之牺牲或开支时,此项构成特殊牺牲或开支之行为,谓之共同海损行为。       原则二       共同海损之牺牲及费用,应由各利害关系人依照下列标准共同分担之。       原则三       减失、损害或费用之由共同海损行为所直接引起者,方得认为共同海损而受共同补偿。       船舶或货物由于延迟,无论在航行在航程中或此后所遭受之减失或损害,例如船期损失,以及不论任何间接损失,例如市场损失,不得列为共同海损。       原则四       共同海损之牺牲或费用,其发生原因从系由海上共同航行之某方之过失所致者,该过失方仍得享受被补偿权利,但其所应负之损害赔偿责任,并不因而免除。       原则五       凡申请共同海损之补偿者,对所申请补偿之损失或费用,是否属于共同海损,应负举证之责。       原则六       凡应受补偿之某项共同海损费用项下之措施,未曾实施而经改以另一种措施代替时,此项替代措施之费用,应认为共同海损,得照章享受被补偿权利,惟以该未曾实施之措置项下应用未用之费用数额为限。       原则七       关于共同海损及分担额的理算,应以航海终了时终了地的价值为准,前项规定,并不影响共同海损理算地点的决定。 条    文          第一条 货物的抛弃       货物的抛弃,除该货物系按照公认的航运习惯运送者外,不得受共同海损的补偿。       第二条 为共同安全抛弃及牺牲而致的损害       为共同安全所为之牺牲或由于牺牲之结果,以及为共同安全进行抛弃所开舱或为开洞因而进水,致使船舶与货物,或二者之一受到损害,应受共同海损之补偿。       第三条 扑灭船上的火灾       为扑灭船上火灾而使船舶与货物,或二者之一,因水或其他原因所受损害,包括将失火船进行搁浅、凿沉所受的损害,均应受共同海损之补偿;但对于船舶与散装货物之失火部份或件装货物之个别失火包件所受之损害,皆不得受共同海损之补偿。       第四条 割弃残损物       因割弃已被海难所毁坏的桅杆或其他各物的残余部份所致之减失或损害,不得受共同海损之补偿。       第五条 自动搁浅       如船舶在将不能避免碰岸或触礁的情况下,而故意搁浅,船舶,货物与运费,或其中之一,发生减失或损害,该项减失或损害不得受共同海损之补偿,但为起浮该船而发生减失或损害,应认为共同海损,而受补偿。在其他一切情况下为共同安全而故意搁浅,其所发生的减失或损害应认为共同海损而受补偿。       第六条 满张船帆的损害或减失       为共同安全,强使船舶脱离浅滩或驱使船舶更向高处搁浅,以致船帆与桅杆或其中之一,受到损害或减失,应受共同海损之补偿;但船舶在浮动状态,由于满张船帆以致船舶货物与运费,或其中之一,受到减失或损害,不得认为共同海损。       第七条 机器与锅炉的损害       船舶搁浅并在危险情势下,如经证明确为共同安全起见,使机器锅炉冒受损害之危险,从事于重新浮起的船舶,以致机器与锅炉受到损害,应认为共同海损,但如船舶在浮动状态因使用机器与锅炉而致减失或损害,包括组合机器或类似方法而致的减失或损害,无论在何种情况下,均不得受共同海损之补偿。       第八条 搁浅船舶减载费用及所受损害       船舶搁浅时,货物与船用燃料或其中之一,因共同海损行为而卸载,其减载、租用驳船与重装(如发生时)等额外费用,及因此所发生的减失或损害,均应列为共同海损。       第九条 船舶材料与物料用作燃料的损害       船舶遇危难时,为共同安全而必须将船舶材料及物料或其中之一作燃料施用者,此项损失,应列为共同海损,惟仅以该船曾备足燃料者为限。但其原应烧耗的估计数量,应按照该船最后驶离之港口及其驶离港口的市价计算价额,在共同海损内扣除之。       第十条 在避难港的费用等项       甲、船舶因遭受意外,牺牲或其他特殊情况,为共同安全必要,驶入避难港,避难地点或驶回装货港,装货       地,其驶入此项港口,地点的费用,应列为共同海损;又该船装载原来货物或其一部分,由于上述港口       或地点重行使出,因此发生的费用,亦应同样列入共同海损。       如船舶在任何避难港时因不能在该港进行修缮,而必须移住另一港埠者,此项第二港埠仍得视为避       难港而适用本条之规定。至因上述移驶而发生之延长航程所需之费用,应适用本规则第十一条之规       定。       乙、货物、燃料或物料在船上搬移或卸载费用,无论在装货、停靠或避难港口或地点,应列为共同海损,如       此项搬移或卸载为共同安全所必须或使船舶因牺牲或意外所遭受之损害,得以修复,而该项修理为       安全从事航行所需者。       丙、当货物、燃料或物料的搬移或卸载费用已列为共同海损时,对此项货物,燃料的重装,在船上堆装连同       一切栈租(如系合理的火险费亦包括在内)等费用,亦应同样列为共同海损。但船舶丧失续航能力或       不继续原定航程时,自确定船舶丧失续航能力或放弃原定航程之次日起,其栈租费用不得列为共同海       损。如船舶在货物尚未完全卸下前,丧失续航能力或放弃原定航程时,上述栈租费用仍应列为共同海       损,直至货物卸完之日为止。       丁、已受共同海损的船舶在某一港口或地点可以进行修理,以便继续运送原装的货物。但如为节省费用       起见,拖至其他修理的港口或地点或该船的目的港,或该船的货物全部或一部由其他船舶转运或以       其他方式运送时,所有此项拖带、转运及运送之各项费用或其中之一(以所节省的额外费用数额限)       应依照所节省的额外费用的比例,由各关系人分担。       第十一条 驶往并在避难等港口所支付的船员薪津、给餐与其他费用等       甲、船舶因驶往避难港、避难地点或驶回装货物、装货地点,以至航程延长,如该船驶入此种港口或地点的       费用依照第十条(甲)项的规定可认为共同海损者,在此延长期间,合理支付船长职员的薪金、给养与       耗用的燃料、物料、应列为共同海损。       乙、船舶因遭受意外,牺牲或其他特殊情况为共同安全必要,或为修理船舶因牺牲或意外所遭受之损害,       而该项修理为安全从事航行所必需,须驶入或停留在任何港口或地点,在此特别停留期间直至该船       将可或应完成继续航行准备为止,对于合理支付船长、职员、船员的薪金、给养应列为共同海损。如船       舶经确定已丧失续航能力或不照原定航线续航时,则特别滞留期间,应计算至船舶确定丧失续航能       力或放弃原航线之日止,如当船舶确定丧失续航能力或放弃原航线时,卸货尚未完毕,则应计算至卸       货完成之日止。       在此特别停留期间所耗用的燃料、物料、应列为共同海损,但因进行不属于共同海损的修理所耗用的       燃料物料除外。       在此特别停留期间所发生的港口费用,亦应同样列为共同海损,但因为不属于共同海损的修理所发       生的费用除外。       丙、本条或其他各条指定的薪金,包括付给船长、职员、船员或该员等之利益而支付之款项,不论其       系依照法律规定应由船舶所有人负担或依照雇用契约规定而支付者均属之。       丁、如对船长、职员、船员为保养船舶或修理付给的加工费,而该项保养或修理费不属于共同海损时,此项       加工费得认为共同海损者,仅以不过超所减免的如不支付此项加工费,则将产生可列为共同海损之费       用为限。       第十二条 货物因起卸等所受的损失       货物、燃料或物料在搬移、起卸、入栈、重装及堆装的行为中所致的损害或减失,应受共同海损之补偿,但仅以各该项之费用已列为共同海损为限。       第十三条 修理费用的扣减       理算共同海损各项申请时,修理部份可认为共同海损者,如以新料换旧料,应按下列条文作“以新换旧”的扣减。       所有扣减,均按船舶自原始登记日起至发生事故日止的年龄计算,但给养与物料,绝缘设备,救生或类似船、迥旋罗针仪、无线电机方位仪、回声测深器与类似器具,机器与锅炉等的扣减,则按其各别年龄计算。       未曾用过的给养、物料与零机件,不作扣减。       所有扣减均由新材料或新配件的价值包括人工与安装费,但不包括开箱费予以扣减。船坞与船台费用,移船费用,应认付其全数。       在船舶发生事故之日前六个月内,如船底未经油漆其清洗及油漆费用不得承认。       甲、一年及一年以内者:所有修理全部承认,但船底铲刮、清洗与油漆,扣减三分之一。       乙、在一年与三年以内者:船底铲刮、清洗与油漆的扣减,如上述(甲)项规定。船帆、索具绳、操帆索与大缆       (铜丝绳、链除外)天幔、遮布、给养、物料与油漆均扣减三分之一。       船身木料部份,包括船底板、木质桅杆、帆桁、救生船、家具、陈设、磁器、金属、与玻璃用品、铜索具、铜       绳与铜丝大缆、迥旋罗针仪、无线电机、方位仪、回声测深器、另类似器具、锚链与链条、绝缘品、辅助机       器、操舵器及其联接物、绞车、起重机及其联接物、除电动以外的电机及其联接物,均扣减六分之一。       其他修理均完全承认。木制与铁索合造船舶的金属包皮的处理,应按相等于换下旧包皮毛重的价值,       扣减旧包皮售价后,全部承认之。钉子、毡料及人工浇制的金属器,均应扣减三分之一。       丙、在三年与六年之间者:除船身木料部份,包括航底板、木质桅樯、帆桁、救生船、家具、陈设、扣减三分之       一,及桅杆与帆桁的铁质部份并一切机器(包括锅炉及其附装物)扣减六分之一外,其他均照上列(乙)       项规定扣减。       丁、在六年与十年之间者:除一切索具、绳、操桁索、大缆、桅樯与帆桁的铁质部份,迥旋罗针仪、无线电机、       方位仪、回声测深器与类似器具、绝缘设备、辅助机器、操舵器、绞车、起重机及其联接物及其他一切机       器(包括锅炉及其附装物)扣减三分之一外,其他均照上列(丙)项规定扣减。       戊、在十年至十五年之间者:除船身钢铁部分、水泥工作、锚链扣减六分之一及锚全部承认外,所有换新部       份扣减三分之一。       己、十五年以上者:除锚链扣减六分之一及锚全部承认外,所有换新部份扣减三分之一。       第十四条 临时修理       如船舶为共同安全或因共同海损的牺牲遭受损害,在装货、停靠或避难的港口作临时修理,此项费用,应列为共同海损。       如对于意外损害仅为完成本航次而作临时的修理,不论对于其他关系人有无节省,其费用得列为共同海损者,仅以所节省的如不在该地作该项修理而势将发生属于共同海损之费用为限。       认为共同海损的临时修理费用,不作“以新换旧”的扣减。       第十五条 运费损失       运费的损失,由于货物的损害或减失所发生者,无论为共同海损行为所致,或其他货物的损害或减失已为共同海损所补偿时,应受共同海损之补偿。       在损失的运费总数内,应扣减船舶所有人为获得该项运费所应支付之费用,但因牺牲之结果而并未支付者。       第十六条 对货物因牺牲而致减失或损害的补偿额       货物因牺牲而致减失或损害,得受共同海损的补偿额,应按货主所受损失,依照船舶到达日或原目的地以外之航次终了地点之日的市价为准。       如此项受损货物,已经售出,而其受损程度尚未另行商定,其得受共同海损的补偿之损失,应为出售之净得与船舶最后卸货之日或在原目的港以外之航次终了地点之日的完好货物的净值之差额。       第十七条 分担价值       共同海损的分担额的构成,应以航次终了时财产的实际净值,加上以遭牺牲得受共同海损补偿而尚未包括在内之财产的价值,从船舶所有人未收客货运费中,扣减为获得该项运费,倘因船舶与货物在共同海损行为发生之日全部减失而无须支付并不认为共同海损的费用与船员薪金;又从财产价值中,扣减在共同海损行为以后发生的一切有关费用,但已认为共同海损之费用除外。       未载入提货单的旅客行李与自用物件,不分担共同海损。       第十八条 船舶所受损害       船舶机器与零星机件受损害或减失须修理或更换时,其得认为共同海损的数额,以实际合理的修理或更换费用为限,如以新料换旧料,应按上述第十三条的规定扣减。如不修理时,其合理之贬值,应受补偿,但不得超过估计修理费。       倘船舶受实际全损或构成全损时,对于船舶因共同海损行为所致的损害或减失,共同海损的得承认数额,应为该船完好时的估值,减去不属于共同海损的估计修理费用与如有出售所得的进款。       第十九条 未经申报或申报不实的货物       未经船舶所有人或其代理人知悉所装载的货物,或装运时故意谎报的货物,其遭受损害或减失,不得认为共同海损。但此项货物如被救获时,仍负有分担共同海损的责任。       交运时申报不实的货物,遭受损害或减失,倘申报价值低于实际的价值,其应受补偿额按申报的价值计算,其对共同海损的分担,则按实际的价值计算。       第二十条 款项的预筹       除船长职员船员开薪金、给养与非在航程中补充的燃料、物料外,按共同海损付出款项百分之二的手续费,应认为共同海损,如款项不由分担关系人预筹时,而船长以押契或其他方法筹得款项的必要费用或变卖货物而致货主遭受的损失,均应认为共同海损。       共同海损开支预经垫付者,其对此项预垫款之保险所需之费用,亦得认为共同海损。       第二十一条 共同海损对海损利息的补偿       对于共同海损的开支、牺牲及津贴,应按年息百分之五计算利息,直甚至共同台海损理算书作成日止。对于分担关系人在此期内所缴付的或从共同海损存款内拨付的一切款项,应予适当补偿。       第二十二条 保证金的处理       为货物对于共同海损施救或特别费用所负担的义务而收集的保证金,应立即以船舶所有人及缴付保证金人所提出的代表的联合名义,存入经双方认可的银行,开立特别帐户,此项货物应付共同海损施救或特别费用而所收集之保证金,连同所生利息,即作对支付上述费用关系人之担保,如有理算人的书面证明,得支付帐款或退还保证金。该项保证金的收存与支付或退还,并不影响各关系人的最后责任。       THE YORK-ANTWERP RULES, 1974 Rule of interpretation    In the adjustment of general    average the following lettered and numbered Rules shall apply to theexclusion of any Law and Practice inconsistent therewith.    Except as provided by the numbered Rules, general    average shall be adjusted according to the lettered Rules.Rule A.    There is a general average act when, and only when, any extraordinarysacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurredfor the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril theproperty involved in a common maritime adventure.Rule B.    General average sacrifices and expenses shall be borne by thedifferent contributing interests on the basis hereinafter provided.Rule C.    Only such losses, damages or expenses which are the direct consequenceof the general average act shall be allowed as general average.    Loss or damage sustained by the ship or cargo through delay, whetheron the voyage or subsequently, such as demurrage, and any indirect losswhatsoever, such as loss of market,  shall not be admitted as generalaverage.Rule D.    Rights to contribution in general average shall not be affected,though the event which gave rise to the sacrifice or expenditure may havebeen due to the fault of one of the parties to the adventure, but thisshall not prejudice any remedies or defences which may be open against orto that party respect of such fault.Rule E.    The onus of proof is upon the party claiming in general average toshow that the loss or expense claimed is properly allowable as generalaverage.Rule F.    Any extra expense incurred in place of another expense which wouldhave been allowable as general average shall be deemed to be generalaverage and so allowed without regard to the saving, if any, to otherinterests, but only up to the amount of the general average expenseavoided.Rule G.    General average shall be adjusted as regards both loss andcontribution upon the basis of values at the time and place when and wherethe adventure ends.    This rule shall not affect the determination of the place at which theaverage statement is to be made up.Rule I. - Jettison of Cargo    No jettison of cargo shall be made good as general average, unlesssuch cargo is carried in accordance with the recognised custom of thetrade.Rule II. - Damage by Jettison and Sacrifice for the Common Safety    Damage done to a ship and cargo, or either of them, by or inconsequence of a sacrifice made for the common safety, and by water whichgoes down a ship's hatches opened or other opening made for the purpose ofmaking a jettison for the common safety, shall be made good as generalaverage.Rule III. - Extinguishing Fire on Shipboard    Damage done to a ship and cargo, or either of them, by water orotherwise, including damage by beaching or scuttling a burning ship, inextinguishing a fire on board the ship, shall be made good as generalaverage; except that no compensation shall be made for damage by smoke orheat however caused.Rule IV. - Cutting away Wreck    Loss or damage sustained by cutting away wreck or parts of the shipwhich have been previously carried away or are effectively lost byaccident shall not be made good as general average.Rule V. - Voluntary Stranding    When a ship is intentionally run on shore for the common safety,whether or not she might have been driven on shore, the consequent loss ordamage shall be allowed in general average.Rule VI. - Salvage Remuneration    Expenditure incurred by the parties to the adventure on account ofsalvage, whether under contract, or otherwise, shall be allowed in generalaverage to the extent that the salvage operations were undertaken for thepurpose of preserving from peril the property involved in the commonmaritime adventure.Rule VII. - Damage to Machinery and Boilers    Damage caused to any machinery and boilers of a ship which is ashoreand in a position of peril, in endeavouring to refloat, shall be allowedin general average when shown to have arisen from an actual intention tofloat the ship for the common safety at the risk of such damage;  butwhere a ship is afloat no loss or damage caused by working the propellingmachinery and boilers shall in any circumstances be made good as generalaverage.Rule VIII. - Expenses lightening a ship when ashore, and consequent damage    When a ship is ashore and cargo and ship's fuel and stores or any ofthem are discharged as a general average act, the extra cost oflightening, lighter hire and reshipping if incurred and the loss or damagesustained thereby, shall be admitted as general average.Rule IX. - Ship's Materials and Stores Burnt for Fuel    Ship's materials and stores, or any of them, necessarily burnt forfuel for the common safety at a time of peril, shall be admitted asgeneral average, when and only when an ample supply of fuel had beenprovided; but the estimated quantity of fuel that would have beenconsumed,  calculated at the price current at the ship's last port ofdeparture at the date of her leaving, shall be credited to the generalaverage.Rule X. - Expenses at Port Refuge, etc.    (a) When s ship shall have entered a port or place of refuge, or shallhave returned to her port or place of loading in consequence of accident,sacrifice or other extraordinary circumstances,  which render thatnecessary for the common safety, the expenses of entering such port orplace shall be admitted as general average; and when she shall have sailedthence with her original cargo, or a part of it, the correspondingexpenses of leaving such port or place consequent upon such entry orreturn shall likewise be admitted as general average.    When a ship is at any port or place of refuge and is necessarilyremoved to another port or place because repairs cannot be carried out inthe first port or place, the provisions of this Rule shall be applies tothe second port or place as if it were a port or place of refuge and thecost of such removal including temporary repairs and towage shall beadmitted as general average. The provisions of Rule XI shall be applied tothe prolongation of the voyage occasioned by such removal.    X(b) The cost of handling on board or discharging cargo, fuel orstores whether at a port or place of loading, call or refuge, shall beadmitted as general average, when the handling or discharge was necessaryfor the common safety or to enable damage to the ship caused by sacrificeor accident to be repaired, if the repairs were necessary for the safeprosecution of the voyage,  except in cases where the damage to the shipis discovered at a port or place of loading or call without any accidentor other extraordinary circumstance connected with such damage havingtaken place during the voyage.    The cost of handling on board or discharging cargo, fuel or storesshall not be admissible as general average when insured solely for thepurpose of restowage due to shifting during the voyage unless suchrestowage is necessary for the common safety.    X(c) Whenever the cost of handling or discharging cargo, fuel ofstores is admissible as general average, the costs of storage, includinginsurance if reasonably incurred, reloading and stowing of such cargo,fuel or stores shall likewise be admitted as general average.    But when the ship is condemned or does not proceed on her originalvoyage storage expenses shall be admitted as general average only up tothe date of the ship's condemnation or of the abandonment of the voyage orup to the date of completion of discharge of cargo if the condemnation orabandonment takes place before that date.Rule XI. - Wages and Maintenance of Crew and other expenses bearing up forand in a port of Refuge, etc.    (a) Wages and Maintenance of master, officers and crew reasonablyincurred and fuel and stores consumed during the prolongation of thevoyage occasioned by a ship entering a port or place of refuge orreturning to her port or place of loading shall be admitted as generalaverage when the expenses of entering such port or place are allowable ingeneral average in accordance with Rule X(a).    XI(b) When a ship shall have entered or been detained in any port orplace in consequence of accident, sacrifice or other extraordinarycircumstances which render that necessary for the common safety, or toenable damage to the ship caused by sacrifice or accident to be repaired,if the repairs were necessary for the safe prosecution of the voyage, thewages and maintenance of the master, officers, and crew reasonablyincurred during the extra period of detention in such port or place untilthe ship shall or should have been made ready to proceed upon her voyage,shall be admitted in general average.    Provided that when damage to the ship is discovered at a port or placeof loading or call without any accident or other extraordinarycircumstance connected with such damage having taken place during thevoyage, then the wages and maintenance of master, officers and crew andfuel and stores consumed during the extra detention for repairs to damagesso discovered shall not be admissible as general average, even if therepairs are necessary for the safe prosecution of the voyage.    When the ship is condemned or does not proceed on her original voyage,wages and maintenance of the master, officers and crew and fuel and storesconsumed shall be admitted as general average only up to the date of theship's condemnation or of the abandonment of the voyage or up to the dateof completion of discharge of cargo if the condemnation or abandonmenttakes place before that date.    Fuel and stores consumed during the extra period of detention shall beadmitted as general average, except such fuel and stores as are consumedin effecting repairs not allowable in general average.    Port charges incurred during the extra period of detention shalllikewise be admitted as general average except such charges as areincurred solely by reason of repairs not allowable in general average.    XI(c) For the purpose of this and the other Rules wages shall includeall payments made to or for the benefit of the master, officers and crew,whether such payments be imposed by law upon the shipowners or be madeunder the terms of articles of employment.    XI(d) When overtime is paid to the master, officers or crew formaintenance of the ship or repairs, the cost of which is not allowable ingeneral average, such overtime shall be allowed in general average only upto the saving in expense which would have been incurred and admitted asgeneral average, had such overtime not been incurred.Rule XII. - Damage to Cargo in discharging, etc.,    Damage to or loss of cargo, fuel or stores caused in the act ofhandling, discharging, storing,  reloading and stowing shall be made goodas general average, when and only when the cost of those measuresrespectively is admitted as general average.Rule XIII. - Cost of Repairs    Repairs to the be allowed in general average shall not be subject todeductions in respect of "new for old" where old material or parts arereplaced by new unless the ship is over fifteen years old in which casethere shall be a deduction of one third. The deductions shall be regulatedby the age of the ship from December 31 of the year of completion ofconstruction to the date of the general average act, except forinsulation, life and similar boats, communications and navigationalapparatus and equipment, machinery and boilers for which the deductionsshall be regulated by the age of the particular parts to which they apply.The deductions shall be made only from the cost of the new material orparts when finished and ready to be installed in the ship.    No deduction shall be made in respect of provisions, stores, anchorsand chain cables.    Drydock and slipway dues and costs of shifting the ship shall beallowed in full.    The costs of cleaning, painting or coating of bottom shall not beallowed in general average unless the bottom has been painted or coatedwithin the twelve months preceding the date of the general average act inwhich case one half of such costs shall be allowed.Rule XIV. - Temporary Repairs    Where temporary repairs are effected to a ship at a port of loading,call of refuge, for the common safety, or of damage caused by generalaverage sacrifice, the cost of such repairs shall be admitted as generalaverage.    Where temporary repairs of accidental damage are effected in order toenable the adventure to be completed, the cost of such repairs shall beadmitted as general average without regard to the saving, if any, to otherinterest, but only up to the saving in expense which would have beenincurred and allowed in general average if such repairs had not beeneffected there.    No deductions "new for old" shall be made from the cost of temporaryrepairs allowable as general average.Rule XV. - Loss of Freight    Loss of Freight arising from damage to or loss of cargo shall be madegood as general average,  either when caused by a general average act, orwhen the damage to or loss of cargo is so made good.    Deduction shall be made from the amount of gross freight lost, of thecharges which the owner thereof would have incurred to earn such freight,but has, in consequence of the sacrifice,  not incurred.Rule XVI. - Amount to be made good for Cargo lost or Damaged by Sacrifice    The amount to be made good as general average for damage to or loss ofcargo sacrificed shall be the loss which has been sustained thereby basedon the value at the time of discharge,  ascertained from the commercialinvoice rendered to the receiver or if there is no such invoice from theshipped value. The value at the time of discharge shall include the costof insurance and freight except insofar as such freight is at the risk ofinterests other than the cargo.    When cargo so damaged is sold and the amount of the damage had notbeen otherwise agreed,  the loss to be made good in general average shallbe the difference between the net proceeds of sale and the net sound valueas computed in the first paragraph of this Rule.Rule XVII. - Contributory Values    The contribution to a general average shall be made upon the actualnet value of the property at the termination of the adventure except thatthe value of cargo shall be the value at the time of discharge,ascertained from the commercial invoice rendered to the receiver or ifthere is no such invoice from the shipped value. The value of the cargoshall include the cost of insurance and freight unless and insofar as suchfreight is at the risk of interest other than the cargo,  deductingtherefrom any loss or damage suffered by the cargo prior to or at the timeof discharge. The value of the ship shall be assessed without taking intoaccount the beneficial or detrimental effect of any demise or timecharterparty to which the ship may be committed.    To these values shall be added the amount made good as general averagefor property sacrificed,  if not already included, deducting being madefrom the freight and passage money at risk of such charges and crew'swages as would not have been incurred in earning the freight had the shipand cargo been totally lost at the date of the general average act andhave not been allowed as general average; deduction being also made fromthe value of the property of all extra charges incurred in respect thereofsubsequently to the general average act, except such charges as areallowed in general average.    Where cargo is sold short of destination, however, it shall contributeupon the actual net proceeds of sale, with the addition of any amount madegood as general average.    Passenger's luggage and personal effects not shipped under Bill ofLading shall not contribute in general average.Rule XVIII. - Damage to Ship    The amount to be allowed as general average for damage or loss to theship, her machinery and/or gear caused by a general average act shall beas follows:    (a) When repaired or replaced.        The actual reasonable cost of repairing or replacing such damageor loss, subject to deductions in accordance with Rule XIII.    (b) When not repaired or replaced.        The reasonable depreciation arising from such damage or loss, butnot exceeding the estimated cost of repairs. But where the ship is anactual total loss or when the cost of repairs of the damage would exceedthe value of the ship when repaired, the amount to be allowed as generalaverage shall be the difference between the estimated sound value of theship after deducting therefrom the estimated cost of repairing damagewhich is not general average and the value of the ship in her damagedstate which may be measured by the net proceeds of sale, if any.Rule XIX. - Undeclared or Wrongfully declared Cargo    Damage or loss caused to goods loaded without the knowledge of theshipowner or his agent or to goods wilfully misdescribed at time ofshipment shall not be allowed as general average,  but such goods shallremain liable to contribute, if saved.    Damage or loss caused to goods which have been wrongfully declared onshipment at a value which is lower than their real value shall becontributed for at the declared value, but such goods shall contributeupon their actual value.Rule XX. - Provision of Funds    A commission of 2 per cent on general average disbursements, otherthan the wages and maintenance of master, officers and crew and fuel andstores not replaced during the voyage,  shall be allowed in generalaverage, but when the funds are not provided by any of the contributinginterests, the necessary cost of obtaining the funds required by means ofa bottomry bond or otherwise, or the loss sustained by owners of goodssold for the purpose, shall be allowed in general average.    The cost of insuring money advanced to pay for general averagedisbursements shall also be allowed in general average.Rule XXI. - Interest on Losses made good in general average    Interest shall be allowed on expenditure, sacrifices and allowancescharged to general average at the rate of 7 percent per annum, until thedate of the general average statement, due allowance being made for anyinterim reimbursement from the contributory interests or from the generalaverage deposit fund.Rule XXII. - Treatment of Cash Deposits    Where cash deposits have been collected in respect of cargo'sliability for general average,  salvage or special charges, such depositsshall be paid without any delay into a special account in the joint namesof a representative nominated on behalf of the shipowner and arepresentative nominated on behalf of the depositors in a bank to beapproved by both. The sum so deposited together with accrued interest, ifany, shall be held as security for payment to the parties entitled theretoof the general average, salvage or special charges payable by cargo inrespect to which the deposits have been collected. Payments on account orrefund of deposits may be made if certified to in writing by the averageadjuster. Such deposits and payments of refunds shall be without prejudiceto the ultimate liability of the parties.
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    发布于:2022-02-07 17:07:46
  • 海难救助《1910年救助公约》《统一海上救助若干法律规则的国际公约》
    统一海上救助若干法律规则的国际公约      第一条 救助服务适用于海上航行,也适用于内河航行       对于遇难的海船、船上财物和客货运费的救助,以及海船和内河船舶相互之间的救助,不论属于任何一种,也不论发生在何种水域,都适用下列规定。       第二条 报酬       凡已取得有益成果的每一项救助活动,都有权获得公平的报酬。       如果所提供的服务并未产生有益的成果,便不应付与报酬。       在任何情况下,所付报酬的金额都不得超过获救财物的价值。       第三条 阻止       虽经被救船舶明白、合理的拒绝但仍参与救助活动的人,无权要求任何报酬。       第四条 拖轮       拖轮对于被拖船舶或该船所载货物的救助,无权要求报酬,除非它已提供不能被认为是履行拖带合同的特殊服务。       第五条 同一船舶所有人的船舶       属于同一船舶所有人的船舶之间的救助,也应给予报酬。       第六条 报酬金额       报酬金额根据当事人协议确定,协议不成,由法院决定。       救助人之间分配报酬的比例,也照此办理。       每一救助船舶的船舶所有人、船长和船上其他工作人员之间对于报酬的分配,按船旗国法律规定办理。       第七条 对协议的修改       在危险期间并在危险影响下订立的任何救助协议,经当事一方请求,如果法院认为协议条件不公平,可以宣告该协议无效,或予以变更。       在任何情况下,如经证明当事一方同意的事项,因有欺诈或隐瞒而归于无效,或所付报酬与救助服务相比,多得过分或少得过分,经受到影响一方的请求,法院可以宣告协议无效,或将该协议加以变更。       第八条 报酬的依据       确定报酬以下列各项为依据,由法院根据具体情况决定:(1)获得效果的程度;救助人的努力与劳绩;被救船舶、所载旅客、船员、货物以及救助人和救助船舶所冒危险;救助工作所用时间、所耗费用和所受损失;救助人所冒责任上的风险和其他风险,以及冒上述风险的财务价值。如果救助船舶具有特殊用途,尚需加以考虑。(2)被救助财产的价值。       前述规定适用于第六条第2款规定的救助报酬的分配。       法院权限:如果由于救助人本身的过失以致必须救助,或者救助人有盗窃、私受盗窃货物或其他欺诈行为,法院得酌减或拒绝同意给予救助报酬。       第九条 获救人员       不得向获救人员索取报酬。但本条规定不得影响国内法在这方面的规定。       人命救助者的报酬份额:在发生海事时参加救助工作的人命救助者,对于船舶、货物及其附属品的救助者所获的报酬,有权取得公平的分配份额。       第十条 诉讼时效       救助报酬请求权时效为两年,自救助行为终止之日起算。       上述时效可以根据受诉法院所引用的法律而告中止或间断。       保留延长时效的权利:各缔约国有权以本国立法规定,如在上述时效期限内,未能在原告住所或主要营业地点所在国家领水内扣留获救船舶,便应将上述时效期限延长。       第十一条 应当施与的救助       对于在海上发现的遭遇生命危险的每一个人,即使是敌人,只要对其船舶、船员和旅客不致造成严重危险,每一船长都必须施救。       船舶所有人对违反前款规定的事项,不承担责任。       第十二条 应提议制定法律       各缔约国的法规如不禁止违反前条规定的行为,便须采取措施,或建议其本国立法机关采取必要措施,以便防止违反上述规定的行为发生。       彼此通知有关的法律:各缔约国应将为履行前款规定而已在其本国颁布或今后拟予颁布的法律或规章,尽速互相通知。       第十三条 公共组织等不受影响       本公约不影响国内法或国际条约中关于由公共机关组织或监督的救助工作的规定,特别是关于渔捞工具的救助规定。       第十四条 军用船舶等       本公约不适用于军用船舶或专门用于公务的政府船舶。       第十五条 各项规定的适用       在救助船舶或被救船舶属于缔约国所有以及在国内法有所规定的情况下,本公约各项规定适用于所有利害关系人,但是:       1. 非缔约国:对于非属缔约国的利害关系人,每一缔约国可在互惠条件下适用本公约的规定。       2. 国内法的适用:如所有利害关系人与受理案件的法院属于同一国家,则应适用国内法,而不适用本公约。       3. 关于第十一条的限制:第十一条的规定,只在缔约国所属船舶之间适用。但这并不妨碍任何国内法对此作出更为广泛的规定。       第十六条 将来的会议       任一缔约国都有权在本公约生效之日起三年后,要求召开新的会议,以便对本公约进行可能的修改,特别是尽可能扩大其适用范围。       通知:行使上述权利的国家,应通过比利时政府将其意图通知其他国家。比利时政府则应安排于六个月内召开此项会议。       第十七条 接纳非加入国       未曾签署本公约的国家,可以申请加入本公约。加入本公约,应通过外交途径通知比利时政府,并由比利时政府通知所有其他缔约国政府。如此加入本公约,应自比利时政府发出通知之日起一个月后生效。       第十八条 批准 关于签字的官方       通知 本公约须经批准       自本公约签字之日起一年内,比利时政府应与已宣布拟行批准本公约的其他缔约国取得联系,以便决定应否使本公约生效。       交存批准书:如已决定使本公约生效,便应将批准书立即交存布鲁塞尔。本公约则于交存批准书一个月后生效。       交存记录对于参加布鲁塞尔会议各国,开放一年。过此期限以后,上述各国仅得依照第十七条规定,参加本公约。       第十九条 退出       如有缔约国欲退出本公约,应自该国通知比利时政府之日起一年后生效,而本公约在其他缔约国之间,仍然有效。       各缔约国全权代表已在本公约上签字盖章,以昭信守。       1910年9月23日订于布鲁塞尔,共一份。       CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OF LAW RELATION TOASSISTANCE AND SALVAGE AT SEA, 1910  Article 1    Assistance and salvage of seagoing vessels in danger, of any things onboard, of freight and passage money, and also services of the same naturerendered by seagoing vessels to vessels of inland navigation orvice-versa, are subject to the following provisions, without anydistinction being drawn between these two kinds of service (viz.,assistance and salvage), and in whatever waters the services have beenrendered.Article 2    Every act of assistance or salvage of which has had a useful resultgives a right to equitable remuneration.    No remuneration is due if the services rendered have no beneficialresult.    In no case shall the sum to be paid exceed the value of the propertysalved.Article 3    Persons who have taken part in salvage operations notwithstanding theexpress and reasonable prohibition on the part of the vessel to which theservices were rendered, have no right to any remuneration.Article 4    A tug has no right to remuneration for assistance to or salvage of thevessel she is towing or of the vessel's cargo, except where she hasrendered exceptional services which cannot be considered as rendered infulfilment of the contract of towage.Article 5    Remuneration is due notwithstanding that the salvage services has beenrendered by or to vessels belonging to the same owner.Article 6    The amount of remuneration is fixed by agreement between the parties,and, failing agreement, by the court.    The proportion in which the remuneration is to be distributed amongstthe salvors is fixed in the same manner.    The apportionment of the remuneration amongst the owner, master andother persons in the service of each salving vessel shall be determined bythe law of the vessel's flag.Article 7    Every agreement as to assistance or salvage entered into at the momentand under the influence of danger may, at the request of either party, beannulled, or modified by the court, if it considers that the conditionsagreed upon are not equitable.    In all cases, when it is proved that the consent of one of the partiesis vitiated by fraud or concealment, or when the remuneration is, inproportion to the services rendered, in an excessive degree too large ortoo small, the agreement may be annulled or modified by the court at therequest of the party affected.Article 8    The remuneration is fixed by the court according to the circumstancesof each case, on the basis of the following considerations: (a) firstly,the measure of success obtained, the efforts and deserts of the salvors,the danger run by the salved vessel, by her passengers, crew and cargo, bythe salvors, and by the salving vessel; the time expended, the expensesincurred and losses suffered, and the risks of liability and other risksrun by the salvors, and also the value of the property exposed to suchrisks, due regard being had to the special appropriation (if any) of thesalvors' vessel for salvage purposes; (b) secondly, the value of theproperty salved.    The same provisions apply for the purpose of fixing the apportionmentprovided for by the second paragraph of Article 6.    The court may deprive the salvors of all remuneration, or may award areduced remuneration,  if it appears that the salvors have by their faultrendered the salvage or assistance necessary or have been guilty of theft,fraudulent concealment, or other acts of fraud.Article 9    No remuneration is due from persons whose lives are saved, but nothingin this Article shall affect the provisions of the national laws on thissubject.    Salvors of human life, who have taken part in the services rendered onthe occasion of the accident giving rise to salvage or assistance, areentitled to a fair share of the remuneration awarded to the salvors of thevessel, her cargo, and accessories.Article 10    A salvage action is barred after an interval of two years from the dayon which the operations of assistance or salvage terminate.    The grounds upon which the said period of limitation may be suspendedor interrupted are determined by the law of the court where the case istried.    The High Contracting Parties reserve to themselves the right toprovide, by legislation in their respective countries, that the saidperiod shall be extended in cases where it has not been possible to arrestthe vessel assisted or salved in the territorial waters of the State inwhich the plaintiff has his domicile or principal place of business.Article 11    Every master is bound, so far as he can do so without serious dangerto his vessel, her crew and her passengers, to render assistance toeverybody, even though an enemy, found at sea in danger of being lost.    The owner of a vessel incurs no liability by reason of contraventionof the above provision.Article 12    The High Contracting Parties, whose legislation does not forbidinfringements of the preceding Article, bind themselves to take or topropose to their respective Legislatures the measures necessary for theprevention of such infringements.    The High Contracting Parties will communicate to one another as soonas possible the laws or regulations which have already been or may behereafter promulgated in their States for giving effect to the aboveprovision.Article 13    This Convention does not affect the provisions of national laws orinternational treaties as regards the organization of services ofassistance and salvage by or under the control of public authorities, nor,in particular, does it affect such laws or treaties on the subject of thesalvage of fishing gear.Article 14    This Convention does not apply to ships of war or to Government shipsappropriated exclusively to a public service.Article 15    The provisions of this Convention shall be applied as regards allpersons interested when either the assisting or salving vessel or thevessel assisted or salved belongs to a State of the High ContractingParties, as well as in any other cases for which the national lawsprovide.    Provided always that--    1. As regards persons interested who belong to a non-contracting Statethe application of the above provisions may be made by each of thecontracting States conditional upon reciprocity.    2. Where all the persons interested belong to the same State as thecourt trying the case,  the provisions of the national law and not of theConvention are applicable.    3. Without prejudice to any wider provisions of any national laws.Article 11 only applies as between vessels belonging to the States of theHigh Contracting Parties.Article 16    Any one of the High Contracting Parties shall have the right, threeyears after this Convention comes into force, to call for a freshConference with a view to possible amendments,  and particularly with aview to extend, if possible, the sphere of its application.    Any Power exercising this right must notify its intention to the otherPowers, through the Belgian Government, which will make arrangements forconvening the Conference within six months.Article 17    States which have not signed the present Convention are allowed toaccede to it at their request. Such accession shall be notified throughthe diplomatic channel to the Belgian Government,  and by the latter toeach of the Governments of the other Contracting Parties, it shall becomeeffective one month after the despatch of such notification by the BelgianGovernment.Article 18    The present Convention shall be ratified.    After an interval of at most one year from the date on which theConvention is signed,  the Belgian Government shall place itself incommunication with the Governments of the High Contracting Parties whichhave declared themselves prepared to ratify the Convention, with a view todecide whether it should be put into force.    The ratifications shall, if so decided, be deposited forthwith atBrussels and the Convention shall come into force a month after suchdeposit.    The Protocol shall remain open another year in favour of the Statesrepresented at the Brussels Conference. After this interval they can onlyaccede to it in conformity with the provisions of Article 17.Article 19    In the case of one or other of the High Contracting Parties denouncingthis Convention,  such denunciation shall not take effect until a yearafter the day on which it has been notified to the Belgian Government, andthe Convention shall remain in force as between the other ContractingParties.    IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the plenipotentiaries of the respective HighContracting Parties have signed this Convention and have affixed theretotheir seals.    DONE AT BRUSSELS, in a single copy, September 23, 1910.
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    发布于:2022-02-07 14:45:54
  • 海难救助1989年国际救助公约(中英文本)
    1989年国际救助公约本公约于1989年4月15日至28日国际海事组织在伦敦召开的外交大会上通过,尚未生效。参加本公约的国家有:埃及、墨西哥、尼日利亚、阿曼、沙特阿拉伯等。       本公约各缔约国,       认识到有必要通过协议制订关于救助作业的统一的国际规则,       注意到一些重大发展,尤其是人们对保护环境的日益关心,证明有必要审查1910年9月23日在布鲁塞尔制订的《统一海难援助和救助某些法律规定公约》所规定的国际规则,       认识到及时有效的救助作业,对处于危险中的船舶和其他财产的安全以及对环境保护能起重大的作用,       相信有必要确保对处于危险中的船舶和其他财产进行救助作业的人员能得到足够的鼓励,       兹协议如下:       第Ⅰ章 总则       第1条 定 义就本公约而言:       (a)救助作业 系指可航水域或其他任何水域中援救处于危险中的船舶或任何其他财产的行为或活动。       (b)船舶 系指任何船只、艇筏或任何能够航行的构造物。       (c)财产 系指非永久性和非有意地依附于岸线的任何财产,包括有风险的运费。       (d)环境损害 系指由污染、沾污、火灾、爆炸或类似的重大事故,对人身健康,对沿海、内水或其毗连区域中的海洋生物、海洋资源所造成的重大的有形损害。       (e)支付款项 系指按本公约规定应付的任何报酬、酬金或补偿。       (f)组织 系指国际海事组织。       (g)秘书长 系指本组织的秘书长。       第2条 适用范围       本公约适用于在一缔约国提起的有关公约所辖事项的诉讼或仲裁。       第3条 平台和钻井装置       本公约不适用于已就位的从事海底矿物资源的勘探、开发或生产的固定式、浮动式平台或移动式近海钻井装置。       第4条 国有船舶       1.在不影响第5条规定的情况下,除一国另有规定外,本公约不适用于军舰或国家所有或经营的、根据公认的国际法准则在发生救助作业时享有主权豁免的其他非商业性船舶。       2.如一缔约国决定其军舰或本条第1款所述的其他船舶适用本公约,它应将此事通知秘书长,并说明此种适用的条款和条件。       第5条 公共当局控制的救助作业       1.本公约不影响国内法或国际公约有关由公共当局从事或控制的救助作业的任何规定。       2.然而,从事此种救助作业的救助人,有权享有本公约所规定的有关救助作业的权利和补偿。       3.负责进行救助作业的公共当局所能享有的本公约规定的权利和补偿的范围,应根据该当局所在国的法律确定。       第6条 救助合同       1.除合同另有明示或默示的规定外,本公约适用于任何救助作业。       2.船长有权代表船舶所有人签订救助合同。船长或船舶所有人有权代表船上财产所有人签订此种合同。       3.本条不影响第7条的适用,也不影响防止或减轻环境损害的义务。       第7条 合同的废止和修改       如有以下情况,可以废止或修改合同或其任何条款:       (a)在胁迫或危险情况影响下签订的合同,且其条款不公平;或       (b)合同项下的支付款项同实际提供的服务大不相称,过高或过低。       第Ⅱ章 救助作业的实施       第8条 救助人的义务及所有人和船长的义务       1.救助人对处于危险中的船舶或其它财产的所有人负有下列义务:       (a)以应有的谨慎进行救助作业;       (b)在履行(a)项所规定的义务时,以应有的谨慎防止或减轻环境损害;       (c)在合理需要的情况下,寻求其他救助人的援助;和       (d)当处于危险中的船舶或其他财产的所有人或船长,合理地要求其他救助人介入时,接受这种介入;但是,如果发现这种要求是不合理的,其报酬金额不得受到影响。       2.处于危险中的船舶或其他财产所有人和船长对救助人负有下列义务:       (a)在救助作业的过程中,与救助人通力合作;       (b)在进行此种合作时,以应有的谨慎防止或减轻环境损害;和       (c)当船舶或其他财产已被送至安全地点后,如救助人提出合理的移交要求,接受此种移交。       第9条 沿海国的权利       本公约中的任何规定,均不得影响有关沿海国的下述权利:根据公认的国际法准则,在发生可以合理地预期足以造成重大损害后果的海上事故或与此项事故有关的行动时,采取措施保护其岸线或有关利益方免受污染或污染威胁的权利,包括沿海国就救助作业作出指示的权利。       第10条 提供救助的义务       1.只要不致于对其船舶及船上人员造成严重危险,每个船长都有义务援救在海上有丧生危险的任何人员。       2.缔约国应采取必要措施履行第1款所规定的义务。       3.船舶所有人对船长不履行第1款中的义务不承担责任。       第11条 合 作       在对诸如允许遇难船舶进港或向救助人提供便利等有关救助作业的事项做出规定或决定时,缔约国应考虑救助人、其他利益方同当局之间合作的需要,以保证为拯救处于危险中的生命或财产及为防止对总体环境造成损害而进行的救助作业得以有效、成功的实施。       第Ⅲ章 救助人的权利       第12条 支付报酬的条件       1.有效果的救助作业方有权获得报酬。       2.除另有规定外,救助作业无效果,不应得到本公约规定的支付款项。       3.如果被救船舶和救助船舶属于同一所有人,本章仍然适用。       第13条 评定报酬的标准       1.确定报酬应从鼓励救助作业出发,并考虑下列因素,但与其排列顺序无关:       (a)获救的船舶和其他财产的价值;       (b)救助人在防止或减轻对环境损害方面的技能和努力;       (c)救助人获得成功的程度;       (d)危险的性质和程度;       (e)救助人在救助船舶、其他财产及人命方面的技能和努力;       (f)救助人所花的时间、费用及遭受的损失;       (g)救助人或其设备的责任风险及其他风险;       (h)提供服务的及时性;       (i)用于救助作业的船舶及其他设备的可用性及使用情况;       (j)救助设备的备用状况、效能和设备的价值。       2.按照第1款确定的报酬应由所有的船舶和其他财产利益方按其获救船舶和其他财产的价值比例进行支付,但是缔约国可在其国内法中做出规定,报酬须由这些利益方中的一方先行支付,该利益方有权向其他利益方按其分摊比例进行追偿。本条中的任何规定均不影响抗辩权。       3.报酬金额不包括应付的利息及可追偿的法律费用,不得超过获救船舶和其他财产的价值。       第14条 特别补偿       1.如一船或其船上货物对环境构成了损害威胁,救助人对其进行了救助作业,而未能根据第13条获得的至少相当于按本条可得的特别补偿的报酬时,他有权按本条规定从该船的船舶所有人处获得相当于其所花费用的特别补偿。       2.在第1款所述情况下,如果救助人因其救助作业防止或减轻了环境损害,船舶所有人根据第1款应向救助人支付的特别补偿可另行增加,其最大增加额可达救助人所发生费用的30%。然而,如果法院或仲裁庭认为公平、合理,并且考虑到第13条第1款中所列的有关因素,可将此项特别补偿进一步增加,但是,在任何情况下,其增加总额不得超过救助人所发生费用的百分之百。       3.救助人所花费用,就第1款和第2款而言,系指救助人在救助作业中合理支出的现付费用和在救助作业中实际并合理使用设备和人员的公平费率。同时应考虑第13条第1款(h)(i)(j)项规定的标准。       4.在任何情况下,本条规定的全部特别补偿,只有出其高于救助人根据第13条获得的报酬时,才能在所高出的范内支付。       5.如果由于救助人疏忽而未能防止或减轻环境损害,可全部或部分地剥夺其根据本条规定应得的特别补偿。       6.本条的任何规定不影响船舶所有人的任何追偿权。       第15条 救助人之间的报酬分配       1.救助人之间的报酬分配应以第13条中的标准为基础。       2.每一救助船的所有人、船长及船上其他工作人员之间的报酬分配应根据该船旗国的法律确定。如救助作业不是在救助船上进行的,其报酬分配应根据制约救助人与其受雇人所订合同的法律确定。       第16条 人命救助       1.获救人无须支付报酬,但本条规定不影响国内法就此作出的规定。       2.在发生需要救助的事故时,参与救助作业的人命救助人有权从支付给救助船舶,其他财产或防止或减轻环境损害的救助人的报酬中获得合理份额。       第17条 根据现有合同提供的服务       在危险发生之前所签署的合同,不得依本公约的规定支付款项,除非所提供的服务被合理地认为已超出正常履行该合同的范围。       第18条 救助人不当行为的后果       如因救助人的过失或疏忽或因救助人有欺诈或其他不诚实行为而使救助作业成为必需或更加困难,可剥夺救助人按本公约规定所得的全部或部分支付款项。       第19条 制止救助作业       不顾船舶所有人、船长或其他处于危险中的不在船上而且未曾装船的财产的所有人的明确而合理的制止而提供的服务,不产生本公约规定的支付款项。       第Ⅳ章 索赔与诉讼       第20条 优先请求权       1.本公约任何规定不影响根据任何国际公约或国内法规定的救助人的优先请求权。       2.当已提交或提供了包括利息和诉讼费用在内的令人满意的担保后,救助人不可行使其优先请求权。       第21条 提供担保的义务       1.应救助人要求,根据本公约规定应支付款项的人应对救助人的索赔,包括救助人的利息和诉讼费用,提供满意的担保。       2.在不影响第1款的情况下,获救船舶的所有人,应尽力以保证在货物释放前,货物所有人对向其提出的索赔,包括利息和诉讼费用在内,提供满意的担保。       3.在对救助人的有关船舶或财产的索赔提供满意的担保前,未经救助人同意,获救的船舶或其他财产不得从完成救助作业后最初抵达的港口或地点移走。       第22条 先行支付款项       1.对救助人的索赔有管辖权的法院或仲裁庭可根据案情,以公正合理的条件,通过临时裁定或裁决,责令向救助人先付公正合理的金额,包括适当的担保。       2.根据本条规定,如已先行支付款项,根据第21条所提供的担保则应作相应的扣减。       第23条 诉讼时效       1.如在两年内没有提起诉讼或仲裁,本公约规定的有关支付款项的任何诉讼,便丧失时效。时效期限从救助作业结束之日起算。       2.被索赔人可在时效期限内的任何时间,通过向索赔人提出声明,延长时效期限。该期限可以同样方式进一步延长。       3.如果诉讼是在起诉地国的法律允许的时间内提起,即使上述两款规定的时效期限已届满,负有责任的人仍可提起要求补偿的诉讼。       第24条 利 息       救助人根据本公约应得给付利息的权利,应按受理该案的法院或仲裁庭所在国的法律确定。       第25条 国有货物       除经国家所有人的同意外,本公约的任何规定均不得作为以任何法律程序或对物诉讼程序,扣留、扣押或置留国家拥有的、根据公认的国际法准则,在发生救助作业时享有主权豁免的非商业性货物的根据。       第26条 人道主义货物       如果一国已同意向对其人道主义的货物所提供的救助服务支付费用,本公约中的规定均不得作为扣留、扣押或置留该国捐助的人道主义货物的根据。       第27条 仲裁裁决的公布       缔约国应在征得当事方同意的条件下,尽量鼓励公布救助案的仲裁裁决。       第Ⅴ章 最后条款       第28条 签字、批准、接受、核准和加入       1.本公约自1989年7月1日到1990年6月30日在本组织总部开放供签字。此后继续开放供加入。       2.各国可按下列方式表示同意受本公约的约束:       (a)签字并对批准、接受或核准无保留;或       (b)签字而有待批准、接受或核准,随后再批准、接受或核准;或       (c)加入。       3.批准、接受、核准或加入应向秘书长交存一份相应的文件。       第29条 生 效       1.本公约在15个国家表示同意受本公约约束之日后一年生效。       2.对于在本公约生效条件满足后表示同意受本公约约束的国家,应在表示同意之日后一年生效。       第30条 保 留       1.任何国家在签字、批准、接受、核准或加入时,就下列情况可保留不适用本公约规定的权利:       (a)救助作业发生在内陆水域,而且所涉及的船舶均为内陆水域航行的船舶;       (b)救助作业发生在内陆水域,而且并不涉及船舶;       (c)所有的利益方都是该国的国民;       (d)有关财产为位于海床上的具有史前的、考古的或历史价值的海上文化财产。       2.在签字时做出的保留需在批准、接受或核准时加以确认。       3.对本公约做出保留的国家可在任何时候以向秘书长发出通知的方式撤销保留。这种撤销从收到通知之日起生效。如果该通知声明对某一保留的撤销应在该通知中裁明的某一日期生效,而且该日期迟于秘书长收到通知的日期,则该撤销应在较迟的日期生效。       第31条 退出       1.任一缔约国在本公约对其生效之日起一年后,可随时退出本公约。       2.退出须向秘书长交存一份退出文件方为有效。       3.退出本公约,应在秘书长收到退出文件一年后,或在退出文件中载明的较此更长的期限届满后生效。       第32条 修订和修正       1.修订或修正本公约的会议,可由本组织召开。       2.经八个或四分之一缔约国的要求,以数大者为准,秘书长应召集修订或修正本公约的缔约国会议。       3.在本公约的修正案生效之后同意受本公约约束的任何表示应被视为适用于经修正的公约。       第33条 保 存       1.本公约由秘书长保存。       2.秘书长应:       (a)将下列事项通知所有签署或加入本公约的国家以及本组织的所有会员国:       (i)每一新的签字或每一新的批准、接受、核准或加入书的交存及其日期;       (ii)本公约的生效日期;       (iii)任何退出本公约的文件的交存及其收到日期和退出的生效日期;       (iv)根据第32条规定通过的任何修正案;       (v)收到根据本公约所作出的任何保留、声明或通知。       (b)将本公约核正无误的副本分发给已签署或加入本公约的所有国家。       3.本公约一经生效,其保存人应按照《联合国宪章》第102条的规定,将本公约核正无误的副本一份送交联合国秘书长,供登记和公布。       第34条 文字       本公约正本一份,用阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文写成,各种文本具有同等效力。       以下署名者,经各自政府正式授权,签署本公约,以昭信守。       1989年4月28日订于伦敦。       附件1 关于对1989年国际救助公约第13条和第14条的共同谅解       会议的共同谅解是:在确定1989年国际救助公约第13条项下的报酬和第14条项下的特别补偿时,在根据第14条确定应支付的特别补偿前,法庭或仲裁庭没有义务按第13条的规定将救助报酬确定至获救的船舶和其他财产的最高价值。       附件2 关于建议修正1974年约克-安特卫普规则的决议1989年国际救助会议,       通过了1989年国际救助公约,       认为不拟在共同海损中包括按照第14条所确定的付款,       请国际海事组织秘书长采取适当步骤保证尽快修正1974年约克-安特卫普规则,以确保根据第14条所支付的特别补偿并不列入共同海损。       附件3 关于为实施1989年国际救助公约而进行国际合作的决议1989年国际救助会议,       通过了1989年国际救助公约(以下简称“本公约”),       考虑到希望有更多的国家成为本公约的成员国,       认识到本公约的生效将为保护海洋环境起重要的补充作用,       考虑到在国际范围内宣传并广泛实施本公约对于达到其目标是极其重要的,Ⅰ 建议:       (a)本组织通过举办各种研讨会、培训班、专题讨论会促使公众了解本公约;       (b)由本组织主办的培训院校在其有关教学课程中包括对本公约的研究;Ⅱ 要求:       (a)成员国将其颁布的属于本公约适用范围内的各事项有关的法律、命令、法令、规则的文本及其他文件送交本组织;       (b)成员国同本组织协商,为促进实施本公约,在起草法律、命令、法令、规则和其他文件时,对要求给予技术援助的国家提供协助;和       (c)本组织将其收到的Ⅱ(a)项下的任何文件通知各成员国。       INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON SALVAGE, 1989      THE STATES PARTIES TO THE PRESENT CONVENTION,     RECOGNIZING the desirability of determining by agreement uniform international rules regarding salvage operations,     NOTING that substantial developments, in particular the increased concern for the protection of the environment, have demonstrated the need to review the international rules presently contained in the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Assistance and Salvage at Sea, done at Brussels, 23 September 1910,     CONSCIOUS of the major contribution which efficient and timely salvage operations can make to the safety of vessels and other property in danger and to the protection of the environment.     CONVINCED of the need to ensure that adequate incentives are available to persons who undertake salvage operations in respect of vessels and other property in danger.     HAVE AGREED as follows:            Chapter I General provisions Article 1 Definitions     For the purpose of this Convention:         (a) Salvage operation means any act or activity undertaken to assist a vessel or any other property in danger in navigable waters or in any other waters whatsoever.         (b) Vessel means any ship or craft, or any structure capable of navigation.         (c) Property means any property not permanently and intentionally attached to the shoreline and includes freight at risk.         (d) Damage to the environment means substantial physical damage to human health or to marine life or resources in coastal or inland waters or areas adjacent thereto, caused by pollution,  contamination, fire, explosion or similar major incidents.         (e) Payment means any reward, remuneration or compensation due under this Convention.         (f) Organization means the International Maritime Organization.         (g) Secretary-General means the Secretary-General of the Organization. Article 2 Application of the Convention     This Convention shall apply whenever judicial or arbitral proceedings relating to matters dealt with in this Convention are brought in a State Party. Article 3 Plat forms and drilling units     This Convention shall not apply to fixed or floating platforms or to mobile offshore drilling units when such platforms or units are on location engaged in the exploration, exploitation or production of sea-bed mineral resources. Article 4 State-owned vessels     1 Without prejudice to Article 5, this Convention shall not apply to warships or other non-commercial vessels owned or operated by a State and entitled, at the time of salvage operations,  to sovereign immunity under generally recognized principles of international law unless that State decides otherwise.     2 Where a State Party decides to apply the Convention to its warships or other vessels described in paragraph 1, it shall notify the Secretary-General thereof specifying the terms and conditions of such application. Article 5 Salvage operations controlled by public authorities     1 This Convention shall not affect any provisions of national law or any international convention relating to salvage operations by or under the control of public authorities.     2 Nevertheless, salvors carrying out such salvage operations shall be entitled to avail themselves of the rights and remedies provided for in this Convention in respect of salvage operations.     3 The extent to which a public authority under a duty to perform salvage operations may avail itself of the rights and remedies provided for in this Convention shall be determined by the law of the State where such authority is situated. Article 6 Salvage contracts     1 This Convention shall apply to any salvage operations save to the extent that a contract otherwise provides expressly or by implication.     2 The master shall have the authority to conclude contracts for salvage operations on behalf of the owner of the vessel. The master or the owner of the vessel shall have the authority to conclude such contracts on behalf of the owner of the property on board the vessel.     3 Nothing in this Article shall affect the application of Article 7 nor duties to prevent or minimize damage to the environment. Article 7 Annulment and modification of contracts     A contract or any terms thereof may be annulled or modified if:         (a) the contract has been entered into under undue influence or the influence of danger and its terms are inequitable; or         (b) the payment under the contract is in an excessive degree too large or too small for the services actually rendered.            Chapter II Performance of salvage operations Article 8 Duties of the salvor and of the owner and master     1 The salvor shall owe a duty to the owner of the vessel or other property in danger:         (a) to carry out the salvage operations with due care;         (b) in performing the duty specified in subparagraph (a), to exercise due care to prevent or minimize damage to the environment;         (c) whenever circumstances reasonably require, to seek assistance from other salvors; and         (d) to accept the intervention of other salvors when reasonably requested to do so by the owner or master of the vessel or other property in danger; provided however that the amount of his reward shall not be prejudiced should it be found that such a request was unreasonable.     2 The owner and master of the vessel or the owner of other property in danger shall owe a duty to the salvor;         (a) to co-operate fully with him during the course of the salvage operations;         (b) in so doing, to exercise due care to prevent or minimize damage to the environment;  and         (c) when the vessel or other property has been brought to a place of safety, to accept redelivery when reasonably requested by the salvor to do so. Article 9 Rights of coastal States     Nothing in this Convention shall affect the right of the coastal State concerned to take measures in accordance with generally recognized principles of international law to protect its coastline or related interests from pollution or the threat of pollution following upon a maritime casualty or acts relating to such a casualty which may reasonably be expected to result in major harmful consequences, including the right of a coastal State to give directions in relation to salvage operations. Article 10 Duty to render assistance     1 Every master is bound, so far as he can do so without serious danger to his vessel and persons thereon, to render assistance to any person in danger of being lost at sea.     2 The States Parties shall adopt the measures necessary to enforce the duty set out in paragraph 1.     3 The owner of the vessel shall incur no liability for a breach of the duty of the master under paragraph 1. Article 11 Co-operation     A State Party shall, whenever regulating or deciding upon matters relating to salvage operations such as admittance to ports of vessels in distress or the provision of facilities to salvors,  take into account the need for co-operation between salvors, other interested parties and public authorities in order to ensure the efficient and successful performance of salvage operations for the purpose of saving life or property in danger as well as preventing damage to the environment in general.            Chapter III Rights of salvors Article 12 Conditions for reward     1 Salvage operations which have had a useful result give right to a reward.     2 Except as otherwise provided, no payment is due under this Convention if the Salvage operations have had no useful result.     3 This chapter shall apply, notwithstanding that the salved vessel and the vessel undertaking the salvage operations belong to the same owner. Article 13 Criteria for fixing the reward     1 The reward shall be fixed with a view to encouraging salvage operations, taking into account the following criteria without regard to the order in which they are presented below:         (a) the salved value of the vessel and other property;         (b) the skill and efforts of the salvors in preventing or minimizing damage to the environment;         (c) the measure of success obtained by the salvor;         (d) the nature and degree of the danger;         (e) the skill and efforts of the salvors in salving the vessel, other property and life;         (f) the time used and expenses and losses incurred by the salvors;         (g) the risk of liability and other risks run by the salvors or their equipment;         (h) the promptness of the services rendered;         (i) the availability and use of vessels or other equipment intended for salvage operations;         (j) the state of readiness and efficiency of the salvor's equipment and the value thereof.     2 Payment of a reward fixed according to paragraph 1 shall be made by all of the vessel and other property interests in proportion to their respective salved values. However, a State Party may in its national law provide that the payment of a reward has to be made by one of these interests, subject to a right of recourse of this interest against the other interests for their respective shares. Nothing in this Article shall prevent any right of defence.     3 The rewards, exclusive of any interest and recoverable legal costs that may be payable thereon, shall not exceed the salved value of the vessel and other property. Article 14 Special compensation     1 If the salvor has carried out salvage operations in respect of a vessel which by itself or its cargo threatened damage to the environment and has failed to earn a reward under Article 13 at least equivalent to the special compensation assessable in accordance with this Article,  he shall be entitled to special compensation from the owner of that vessel equivalent to his expenses as herein defined.     2 If, in the circumstances set out in paragraph 1, the salvor by his salvage operations has prevented or minimized damage to the environment, the special compensation payable by the owner to the salvor under paragraph 1 may be increased up to a maximum of 30% of the expenses incurred by the salvor. However, the tribunal, if it deems it fair and just to do so and bearing in mind the relevant criteria set out in Article 13, paragraph 1, may increase such special compensation further, but in no event shall the total increase be more than 100% of the expenses incurred by the salvor.     3 Salvor's expenses for the purpose of paragraphs 1 and 2 means the out-of-pocket expenses reasonably incurred by the salvor in the salvage operation and a fair rate for equipment and personnel actually and reasonably used in the salvage operation, taking into consideration the criteria set out in Article 13, paragraph 1(h), (i) and (j).     4 The total special compensation under this Article shall be paid only if and to the extent that such compensation is greater than any reward recoverable by the salvor under Article 13.     5 If the salvor has been negligent and has thereby failed to prevent or minimize damage to the environment, he may be deprived of the whole or part of any special compensation due under this Article.     6 Nothing in this Article shall affect any right of recourse on the part of the owner of the vessel. Article 15 Apportionment between salvors     1 The apportionment of a reward under Article 13 between salvors shall be made on the basis of the criteria contained in that Article.     2 The apportionment between the owner, master and other persons in the service of each salving vessel shall be determined by the law of the flag of that vessel. If the salvage has not been carried out from a vessel, the apportionment shall be determined by the law governing the contract between the salvor and his servants. Article 16 Salvage of persons     1 No remuneration is due from persons whose lives are saved, but nothing in this Article shall affect the provisions of national law on this subject.     2 A salvor of human life, who has taken part in the services rendered on the occasion of the accident giving rise to salvage, is entitled to a fair share of the payment awarded to the salvor for salving the vessel or other property or preventing or minimizing damage to the environment. Article 17 Services rendered under existing contracts     No payment is due under the provisions of this Convention unless the services rendered exceed what can be reasonably considered as due performance of a contract entered into before the danger arose. Article 18 The effect of salvor's misconduct     A salvor may be deprived of the whole or part of the payment due under this Convention to the extent that the salvage operations have become necessary or more difficult because of fault or neglect on his part or if the salvor has been guilty of fraud or other dishonest conduct. Article 19 Prohibition of salvage operations     Services rendered notwithstanding the express and reasonable prohibition of the owner or master of the vessel or the owner of any other property in danger which is not and has not been on board the vessel shall not give rise to payment under this Convention.            Chapter IV Claims and actions Article 20 Maritime lien     1 Nothing in this Convention shall affect the salvor's maritime lien under any international convention or national law.     2 The salvor may not enforce his maritime lien when satisfactory security for his claim, including interest and costs, has been duly tendered or provided. Article 21 Duty to provide security     1 Upon the request of the salvor a person liable for a payment due under this Convention shall provide satisfactory security for the claim, including interest and costs of the salvor.     2 Without prejudice to paragraph 1, the owner of the salved vessel shall use his best endeavours to ensure that the owners of the cargo provide satisfactory security for the claims against them including interest and costs before the cargo is released.     3 The salved vessel and other property shall not, without the consent of the salvor, be removed from the port or place at which they first arrive after the completion of the salvage operations until satisfactory security has been put up for the salvor's claim against the relevant vessel or property. Article 22 Interim payment     1 The tribunal having jurisdiction over the claim of the salvor may, by interim decision, order that the salvor shall be paid on account such amount as seems fair and just, and on such terms including terms as to security where appropriate, as may be fair and just according to the circumstances of the case.     2 In the event of an interim payment under this Article the security provided under Article 21 shall be reduced accordingly. Article 23 Limitation of actions     1 Any action relating to payment under this Convention shall be time-barred if judicial or arbitral proceedings have not been instituted within a period of two years. The limitation period commences on the day on which the salvage operations are terminated.     2 The person against whom a claim is made may at any time during the running of the limitation period extend that period by a declaration to the claimant. This period may in the like manner be further extended.     3 An action for indemnity by a person liable may be instituted even after the expiration of the limitation period provided for in the preceding paragraphs, if brought within the time allowed by the law of the State where proceedings are instituted. Article 24 Interest     The right of the salvor to interest on any payment due under this Convention shall be determined according to the law of the State in which the tribunal seized of the case is situated. Article 25 State-owned cargoes     Unless the State owner consents, no provision of this Convention shall be used as a basis for the seizure, arrest or detention by any legal process of, nor for any proceedings in rem against,  non-commercial cargoes owned by a State and entitled, at the time of the salvage operations,  to sovereign immunity under generally recognized principles of international law. Article 26 Humanitarian cargoes     No provision of this Convention shall be used as a basis for the seizure, arrest or detention of humanitarian cargoes donated by a State, if such State has agreed to pay for salvage services rendered in respect of such humanitarian cargoes. Article 27 Publication of arbitral awards     States Parties shall encourage, as far as possible and with the consent of the parties, the publication of arbitral awards made in salvage cases.            Chapter V Final clauses Article 28 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession     1 This Convention shall be open for signature at the Headquarters of the Organization from 1 July 1989 to 30 June 1990 and shall thereafter remain open for accession.     2 States may express their consent to be bound by this Convention by:         (a) signature without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval; or         (b) signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, followed by ratification, acceptance or approval; or         (c) accession.     3 Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Secretary-General. Article 29 Entry into force     1 This Convention shall enter into force one year after the date on which 15 States have expressed their consent to be bound by it.     2 For a State which expresses its consent to be bound by this Convention after the conditions for entry into force thereof have been met, such consent shall take effect one year after the date of expression of such consent. Article 30 Reservations     1 Any State may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession,  reserve the right not to apply the provisions of this Convention:         (a) when the salvage operation takes place in inland waters and all vessels involved are of inland navigation;         (b) when the salvage operations take place in inland waters and no vessel is involved;         (c) when all interested parties are nationals of that State;         (d) when the property involved in maritime cultural property of prehistoric, archaeological or historic interest and is situated on the sea-bed.     2 Reservations made at the time of signature are subject to confirmation upon ratification, acceptance or approval.     3 Any State which has made a reservation to this Convention may withdraw it at any time by means of a notification addressed to the Secretary-General. Such withdrawal shall take effect on the date the notification is received. If the notification states that the withdrawal of a reservation is to take effect on a date specified therein, and such date is later than the date the notification is received by the Secretary-General, the withdrawal shall take effect on such later date. Article 31 Denunciation     1 This Convention may be denounced by any State Party at any time after the expiry of one year from the date on which this Convention enters into force for that State.     2 Denunciation shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of denunciation with the Secretary-General.     3 A denunciation shall take effect one year, or such longer period as may be specified in the instrument of denunciation, after the receipt of the instrument of denunciation by the Secretary-General. Article 32 Revision and amendment     1 A conference for the purpose of revising or amending this Convention may be convened by the Organization.     2 The Secretary-General shall convene a conference of the States Parties to this Convention for revising or amending the Convention, at the request of eight States Parties, or one fourth of the States Parties, whichever is the higher figure.     3 Any consent to be bound by this Convention expressed after the date of entry into force of an amendment to this Convention shall be deemed to apply to the Convention as amended. Article 33 Depositary     1 This Convention shall be deposited with the Secretary-General.     2 The Secretary-General shall:         (a) inform all States which have signed this Convention or acceded thereto, and all Members of the Organization, of:             (i) each new signature or deposit of an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession together with the date thereof;             (ii) the date of the entry into force of this Convention;             (iii) the deposit of any instrument of denunciation of this Convention together with the date on which it is received and the date on which the denunciation takes effect;             (iv) any amendment adopted in conformity with Article 32;             (v) the receipt of any reservation, declaration or notification made under this Convention;         (b) transmit certified true copies of this Convention to all States which have signed this Convention or acceded thereto.     3 As soon as this Convention enters into force, a certified true copy thereof shall be transmitted by the Depositary to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations. Article 34 Languages     This Convention is established in a single original in the Arabic, Chinese, English,  French, Russian and Spanish languages, each text being equally authentic.     IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned being duly authorized by their respective Governments for that purpose have signed this Convention.     DONE AT LONDON this twenty-eighth day of April one thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine.            Attachment 1: COMMON UNDERSTANDING CONCERNING ARTICLES 13 AND 14OFTHE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON SALVAGE, 1989     It is the common understanding of the Conference that, in fixing a reward under Article 13 and assessing special compensation under Article 14 of the International Convention on Salvage,  1989 the tribunal is under no duty to fix a reward under Article 13 up to the maximum salved value of the vessel and other property before assessing the special compensation to be paid under Article 14.            Attachment 2: RESOLUTION REQUESTING THE AMENDMENT OF THE YORK-ANTWERP RULES, 1974     THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SALVAGE, 1989,     HAVING ADOPTED the International Convention on Salvage, 1989,     CONSIDERING that payments made pursuant to Article 14 are not intended to be allowed in general average,     REQUESTS the Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization to take the appropriate steps in order to ensure speedy amendment of the York-Antwerp Rules, 1974, to ensure that special compensation paid under Article 14 is not subject to general average.            Attachment 3: RESOLUTION ON INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION FOR THEIMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON SALVAGE, 1989     THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SALVAGE, 1989,     IN ADOPTING the International Convention on Salvage, 1989 (hereinafter referred to as "The Convention"),     CONSIDERING IT DESIRABLE that as many States as possible should become Parties to the Convention,     RECOGNIZING that the entry into force of the Convention will represent an important additional factor for the protection of the marine environment,     CONSIDERING that the international publicizing and wide implementation of the Convention is of the utmost importance for the attainment of its objectives, I. RECOMMENDS:     (a) that the Organization promote public awareness of the Convention through the holding of seminars, courses or symposia;     (b) that training institutions created under the auspices of the Organization include the study of the Convention in their corresponding courses of study. II. REQUESTS:     (a) Member States to transmit to the Organization the text of the laws, orders, decrees,  regulations and other instruments that they promulgate concerning the various matters falling within the scope of application of the Convention;     (b) Member States, in consultation with the Organization, to promote the giving of help to those States requesting technical assistance for the drafting of laws, orders, decrees,  regulations and other instruments necessary for the implementation of the Convention;  and     (c) the Organization to notify Member States of any communication it may receive under paragraph II (a).
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  • 货物运输《中华人民共和国海商法》中英对照
    中华人民共和国海商法目 录第一章  总则 第二章 船舶 第一节 船舶所有权 第二节 船舶抵押权 第三节 船舶优先权 第三章 船员 第一节 一般规定 第二节 船长 第四章 海上货物运输合同 第一节 一般规定 第二节 承运人的责任 第三节 托运人的责任 第四节 运输单证 第五节 货物交付 第六节 合同的解除 第七节  航次租船合同的特别规定 第八节 多式联运合同的特别规定 第五章 海上旅客运输合同 第六章 船舶租用合同 第一节 一般规定 第二节 定期租船合同 第三节 光船租赁合同 第七章 海上拖航合同 第八章 船舶碰撞 第九章 海难救助 第十章 共同海损 第十一章 海事赔偿责任限制 第十二章 海上保险合同 第一节 一般规定 第二节 合同的订立、解除和转让 第三节 被保险人的义务 第四节 保险人的责任 第五节 保险标的的损失和委付 第六节 保险赔偿的支付 第十三章 时效 第十四章 涉外关系的法律适用 第十五章 附则   (1992年11月7日第七届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第28次会议通过)  第一章  总则第一条 为了调整海上运输关系、船舶关系,维护当事人各方的合法权益,促进海上运输和经济贸易的发展,制定本法。第二条 本法所称海上运输,是指海上货物运输和海上旅客运输,包括海江之间、江海之间的直达运输。本法第四章海上货物运输合同的规定,不适用于中华人民共和国港口之间的海上货物运输。第三条 本法所称船舶,是指海船和其他海上移动式装置,但是用于军事的、政府公务的船舶和20总吨以下的小型船艇除外。前款所称船舶,包括船舶属具。第四条 中华人民共和国港口之间的海上运输和拖航,由悬挂中华人民共和国国旗的船舶经营。但是,法律、行政法规另有规定的除外。非经国务院交通主管部门批准,外国籍船舶不得经营中华人民共和国港口之间的海上运输和拖航。第五条 船舶经依法登记取得中华人民共和国国籍,有权悬挂中华人民共和国国旗航行。船舶非法悬挂中华人民共和国国旗航行的,由有关机关予以制止,处以罚款。第六条 海上运输由国务院交通主管部门统一管理,具体办法由国务院交通主管部门制定,报国务院批准后施行。 第二章 船舶第一节 船舶所有权第七条 船舶所有权,是指船舶所有人依法对其船舶享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。第八条 国家所有的船舶由国家授予具有法人资格的全民所有制企业经营管理的,本法有关船舶所有人的规定适用于该法人。第九条 船舶所有权的取得、转让和消灭,应当向船舶登记机关登记;未经登记的,不得对抗第三人。船舶所有权的转让,应当签订书面合同。第十条 船舶由两个以上的法人或者个人共有的,应当向船舶登记机关登记;未经登记的,不得对抗第三人。  第二节 船舶抵押权第十一条 船舶抵押权,是指抵押人对于抵押权人提供的作为债务担保的船舶,在抵押人不履行债务时,可以依法拍卖,从卖得的价款中优先受偿的权利。第十二条 船舶所有人或者船舶所有人授权的人可以设定船舶抵押权。船舶抵押权的设定,应当签订书面合同。第十三条 设定船舶抵押权,由抵押权人和抵押人共同向船舶登记机关办理抵押权登记;未经登记的,不得对抗第三人。船舶抵押权登记,包括下列主要项目:(一)船舶抵押权人和抵押人的姓名或者名称、地址;(二)被抵押船舶的名称、国籍、船舶所有权证书的颁发机关和证书号码;(三)所担保的债权数额、利息率、受偿期限。船舶抵押权的登记状况,允许公众查询。第十四条 建造中的船舶可以设定船舶抵押权。建造中的船舶办理抵押权登记,还应当向船舶登记机关提交船舶建造合同。第十五条 除合同另有约定外,抵押人应当对被抵押船舶进行保险;未保险的,抵押权人有权对该船舶进行保险,保险费由抵押人负担。第十六条 船舶共有人就共有船舶设定抵押权,应当取得持有三分之二以上份额的共有人的同意,共有人之间另有约定的除外。船舶共有人设定的抵押权,不因船舶的共有权的分割而受影响。第十七条 船舶抵押权设定后,未经抵押权人同意,抵押人不得将被抵押船舶转让给他人。第十八条 抵押权人将被抵押船舶所担保的债权全部或者部分转让他人的,抵押权随之转移。第十九条 同一船舶可以设定两个以上抵押权,其顺序以登记的先后为准。同一船舶设定两个以上抵押权的,抵押权人按照抵押权登记的先后顺序,从船舶拍卖所得价款中依次受偿。同日登记的抵押权,按照同一顺序受偿。 第二十条 被抵押船舶灭失,抵押权随之消灭。由于船舶灭失得到的保险赔偿,抵押权人有权优先于其他债权人受偿。  第三节 船舶优先权第二十一条 船舶优先权,是指海事请求人依照本法第二十二条的规定,向船舶所有人、光船承租人、船舶经营人提出海事请求,对产生该海事请求的船舶具有优先受偿的权利。第二十二条 下列各项海事请求具有船舶优先权:(一)船长、船员和在船上工作的其他在编人员根据劳动法律、行政法规或者劳动合同所产生的工资、其他劳动报酬、船员遣返费用和社会保险费用的给付请求;(二)在船舶营运中发生的人身伤亡的赔偿请求;(三)船舶吨税、引航费、港务费和其他港口规费的缴付请求;(四)海难救助的救助款项的给付请求;(五)船舶在营运中因侵权行为产生的财产赔偿请求。载运2000吨以上的散装货油的船舶,持有有效的证书,证明已经进行油污损害民事责任保险或者具有相应的财务保证的,对其造成的油污损害的赔偿请求,不属于前款第(五)项规定的范围。第二十三条 本法第二十二条第一款所列各项海事请求,依照顺序受偿。但是,第(四)项海事请求,后于第(一)项至第(三)项发生的,应当先于第(一)项至第(三)项受偿。本法第二十二条第一款第(一)、(二)、(三)、(五)项中有两个以上海事请求的,不分先后,同时受偿;不足受偿的,按照比例受偿。第(四)项中有两个以上海事请求的,后发生的先受偿。第二十四条 因行使船舶优先权产生的诉讼费用,保存、拍卖船舶和分配船舶价款产生的费用,以及为海事请求人的共同利益而支付的其他费用,应当从船舶拍卖所得价款中先行拨付。第二十五条 船舶优先权先于船舶留置权受偿,船舶抵押权后于船舶留置权受偿。前款所称船舶留置权,是指造船人、修船人在合同另一方未履行合同时,可以留置所占有的船舶,以保证造船费用或者修船费用得以偿还的权利。船舶留置权在造船人、修船人不再占有所造或者所修的船舶时消灭。第二十六条 船舶优先权不因船舶所有权的转让而消灭。但是,船舶转让时,船舶优先权自法院应受让人申请予以公告之日起满六十日不行使的除外。第二十七条 本法第二十二条规定的海事请求权转移的,其船舶优先权随之转移。第二十八条 船舶优先权应当通过法院扣押产生优先权的船舶行使。第二十九条 船舶优先权,除本法第二十六条规定的外,因下列原因之一而消灭:(一)具有船舶优先权的海事请求,自优先权产生之日起满一年不行使;(二)船舶经法院强制出售;(三)船舶灭失。前款第(一)项的一年期限,不得中止或者中断。第三十条 本节规定不影响本法第十一章关于海事赔偿责任限制规定的实施。 第三章 船员第一节 一般规定第三十一条 船员,是指包括船长在内的船上一切任职人员。第三十二条 船长、驾驶员、轮机长、轮机员、电机员、报务员,必须由持有相应适任证书的人担任。第三十三条 从事国际航行的船舶的中国籍船员,必须持有中华人民共和国港务监督机构颁发的海员证和有关证书。 第三十四条 船员的任用和劳动方面的权利、义务,本法没有规定的,适用有关法律、行政法规的规定。 第二节 船长第三十五条 船长负责船舶的管理和驾驶。船长在其职权范围内发布的命令,船员、旅客和其他在船人员都必须执行。船长应当采取必要的措施,保护船舶和在船人员、文件、邮件、货物以及其他财产。第三十六条 为保障在船人员和船舶的安全,船长有权对在船上进行违法、犯罪活动的人采取禁闭或者其他必要措施,并防止其隐匿、毁灭、伪造证据。船长采取前款措施,应当制作案情报告书,由船长和两名以上在船人员签字,连同人犯送交有关当局处理。第三十七条 船长应当将船上发生的出生或者死亡事件记入航海日志,并在两名证人的参加下制作证明书。死亡证明书应当附有死者遗物清单。死者有遗嘱的,船长应当予以证明 。死亡证明书和遗嘱由船长负责保管,并送交家属或者有关方面。第三十八条 船舶发生海上事故,危及在船人员和财产的安全时,船长应当组织船员和其他在船人员尽力施救。在船舶的沉没、毁灭不可避免的情况下,船长可以作出弃船决定; 但是,除紧急情况外,应当报经船舶所有人同意。弃船时,船长必须采取一切措施,首先组织旅客安全离船,然后安排船员离船,船长应当最后离船。在离船前,船长应当指挥船员尽力抢救航海日志、机舱日志、油类记录簿、无线电台日志、本航次使用过的海图和文件,以及贵重物品、邮件和现金。第三十九条 船长管理船舶和驾驶船舶的责任,不因引航员引领船舶而解除。第四十条 船长在航行中死亡或者因故不能执行职务时,应当由驾驶员中职务最高的人代理船长职务;在下一个港口开航前,船舶所有人应当指派新船长接任。 第四章 海上货物运输合同第一节 一般规定第四十一条 海上货物运输合同,是指承运人收取运费,负责将托运人托运的货物经海路由一港运至另一港的合同。第四十二条 本章下列用语的含义:(一)“承运人”是指本人或者委托他人以本人名义与托运人订立海上货物运输合同的人。(二)“实际承运人”,是指接受承运人委托,从事货物运输或者部分运输的人,包括接受转委托从事此项运输的其他人。(三)“托运人”是指:1.本人或者委托他人以本人名义或者委托他人为本人与承运人订立海上货物运输合同的人;2.本人或者委托他人以本人名义或者委托他人为本人将货物交给与海上货物运输合同有关的承运人的人。(四)“收货人”,是指有权提取货物的人。(五)“货物”,包括活动物和由托运人提供的用于集装货物的集装箱、货盘或者类似的装运器具。第四十三条 承运人或者托运人可以要求书面确认海上货物运输合同的成立。但是,航次租船合同应当书面订立。电报、电传和传真具有书面效力。第四十四条 海上货物运输合同和作为合同凭证的提单或者其他运输单证中的条款,违反本章规定的,无效。此类条款的无效,不影响该合同和提单或者其他运输单证中其他条款的效力。将货物的保险利益转让给承运人的条款或者类似条款,无效。第四十五条 本法第四十四条的规定不影响承运人在本章规定的承运人责任和义务之外,增加其责任和义务。 第二节 承运人的责任第四十六条 承运人对集装箱装运的货物的责任期间,是指从装货港接收货物时起至卸货港交付货物时止,货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。承运人对非集装箱装运的货物的责任期间,是指从货物装上船时起至卸下船时止,货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。在承运人的责任期间,货物发生灭失或者损坏,除本节另有规定外,承运人应当负赔偿责任。前款规定,不影响承运人就非集装箱装运的货物,在装船前和卸船后所承担的责任,达成任何协议。第四十七条 承运人在船舶开航前和开航当时,应当谨慎处理,使船舶处于适航状态,妥善配备船员、装备船舶和配备供应品,并使货舱、冷藏舱、冷气舱和其他载货处所适于并能安全收受、载运和保管货物。第四十八条 承运人应当妥善地、谨慎地装载、搬移、积载、运输、保管、照料和卸载所运货物。第四十九条 承运人应当按照约定的或者习惯的或者地理上的航线将货物运往卸货港。船舶在海上为救助或者企图救助人命或者财产而发生的绕航或者其他合理绕航,不属于违反前款的规定的行为。第五十条 货物未能在明确约定的时间内,在约定的卸货港交付的,为迟延交付。除依照本章规定承运人不负赔偿责任的情形外,由于承运人的过失,致使货物因迟延交付而灭失或者损坏的,承运人应当负赔偿责任。除依照本章规定承运人不负赔偿责任的情形外,由于承运人的过失,致使货物因迟延交付而遭受经济损失的,即使货物没有灭失或者损坏,承运人仍然应当负赔偿责任。承运人未能在本条第一款规定的时间届满六十日内交付货物,有权对货物灭失提出赔偿请求的人可以认为货物已经灭失。第五十一条 在责任期间货物发生的灭失或者损坏是由于下列原因之一造成的承运人不负赔偿责任:(一)船长、船员、引航员或者承运人的其他受雇人在驾驶船舶或者管理船舶中的过失:(二)火灾,但是由于承运人本人的过失所造成的除外;(三)天灾,海上或者其他可航水域的危险或者意外事故;(四)战争或者武装冲突;(五)政府或者主管部门的行为、检疫限制或者司法扣押;(六)罢工、停工或者劳动受到限制;(七)在海上救助或者企图救助人命或者财产;(八)托运人、货物所有人或者他们的代理人的行为;(九)货物的自然特性或者固有缺陷;(十)货物包装不良或者标志欠缺、不清;(十一)经谨慎处理仍未发现的船舶潜在缺陷;(十二)非由于承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人的过失造成的其他原因。承运人依照前款规定免除赔偿责任的,除第(二)项规定的原因外,应当负举证责任。第五十二条 因运输活动物的固有的特殊风险造成活动物灭失或者损害的,承运人不负赔偿责任。但是,承运人应当证明业已履行托运人关于运输活动物的特别要求,并证明根据实际情况,灭失或者损害是由于此种固有的特殊风险造成的。第五十三条 承运人在舱面上装载货物,应当同托运人达成协议,或者符合航运惯例,或者符合有关法律、行政法规的规定。承运人依照前款规定将货物装载在舱面上,对由于此种装载的特殊风险造成的货物灭失或者损坏,不负赔偿责任。承运人违反本条第一款规定将货物装载在舱面上,致使货物遭受灭失或者损坏的,应当负赔偿责任。第五十四条 货物的灭失、损坏或者迟延交付是由于承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人的不能免除赔偿责任的原因和其他原因共同造成的,承运人仅在其不能免除赔偿责任的范围内负赔偿责任;但是,承运人对其他原因造成的灭失、损坏或者迟延交付应当负举证责任。第五十五条 货物灭失的赔偿额,按照货物的实际价值计算;货物损坏的赔偿额,按照货物受损前后实际价值的差额或者货物的修复费用计算。货物的实际价值,按照货物装船时的价值加保险费加运费计算。前款规定的货物实际价值,赔偿时应当减去因货物灭失或者损坏而少付或者免付的有关费用。第五十六条 承运人对货物的灭失或者损坏的赔偿限额,按照货物件数或者其他货运单位数计算,每件或者每个其他货运单位为666.67计算单位,或者按照货物毛重计算, 每公斤为2计算单位,以二者中赔偿限额较高的为准。但是,托运人在货物装运前已经申报其性质和价值,并在提单中载明的,或者承运人与托运人已经另行约定高于本条规定的赔偿限额的除外。货物用集装箱、货盘或者类似装运器具集装的,提单中载明装在此类装运器具中的货物件数或者其他货运单位数,视为前款所指的货物件数或者其他货运单位数;未载明的,每一装运器具视为一件或者一个单位。装运器具不属于承运人所有或者非由承运人提供的,装运器具本身应当视为一件或者一个单位。第五十七条 承运人对货物因迟延交付造成经济损失的赔偿限额,为所迟延交付的货物的运费数额。货物的灭失或者损坏和迟延交付同时发生的,承运人的赔偿责任限额适用本法第五十六条第一款规定的限额。第五十八条 就海上货物运输合同所涉及的货物灭失、损坏或者迟延交付对承运人提起的任何诉讼,不论海事请求人是否合同的一方,也不论是根据合同或者是根据侵权行为提起的,均适用本章关于承运人的抗辩理由和限制赔偿责任的规定。前款诉讼是对承运人的受雇人或者代理人提起的,经承运人的受雇人或者代理人证明,其行为是在受雇或者委托的范围之内的,适用前款规定。第五十九条 经证明,货物的灭失、损坏或者迟延交付是由于承运人的故意或者明知可能造成损失而轻率地作为或者不作为造成的,承运人不得援用本法第五十六条或者第五十七条限制赔偿责任的规定。经证明,货物的灭失、损坏或者迟延交付是由于承运人的受雇人、代理人的故意或者明知可能造成损失而轻率地作为或者不作为造成的,承运人的受雇人或者代理人不得援用本法第五十六条或者第五十七条限制赔偿责任的规定。第六十条 承运人将货物运输或者部分运输委托给实际承运人履行的,承运人仍然应当依照本章规定对全部运输负责。对实际承运人承担的运输,承运人应当对实际承运人的行为或者实际承运人的受雇人、代理人在受雇或者受委托的范围内的行为负责。虽有前款规定,在海上运输合同中明确约定合同所包括的特定的部分运输由承运人以外的指定的实际承运人履行的,合同可以同时约定,货物在指定的实际承运人掌管期间发生的灭失、损坏或者迟延交付,承运人不负赔偿责任。第六十一条 本章对承运人责任的规定,适用于实际承运人。对实际承运人的受雇人、代理人提起诉讼的,适用本法第五十八条第二款和第五十九条第二款的规定。第六十二条 承运人承担本章未规定的义务或者放弃本章赋予的权利的任何特别协议,经实际承运人书面明确同意的,对实际承运人发生效力;实际承运人是否同意,不影响此项特别协议对承运人的效力。第六十三条 承运人与实际承运人都负有赔偿责任的,应当在此项责任范围内负连带责任。第六十四条 就货物的灭失或者损坏分别向承运人、实际承运人以及他们的受雇人、代理人提出赔偿请求的,赔偿总额不超过本法第五十六条规定的限额。第六十五条 本法第六十条至第六十四条的规定,不影响承运人和实际承运人之间相互追偿。 第三节 托运人的责任第六十六条 托运人托运货物,应当妥善包装,并向承运人保证,货物装船时所提供的货物的品名、标志、包数或者件数、重量或者体积的正确性;由于包装不良或者上述资料不正确,对承运人造成损失的,托运人应当负赔偿责任。承运人依照前款规定享有的受偿权利,不影响其根据货物运输合同对托运人以外的人所承担的责任。第六十七条 托运人应当及时向港口、海关、检疫、检验和其他主管机关办理货物运输所需要的各项手续,并将已办理各项手续的单证送交承运人;因办理各项手续的有关单证送交不及时、不完备或者不正确,使承运人的利益受到损害的,托运人应当负赔偿责任。第六十八条 托运人托运危险货物,应当依照有关海上危险货物运输的规定,妥善包装,作出危险品标志和标签,并将其正式名称和性质以及应当采取的预防危害措施书面通知承运人;托运人未通知或者通知有误的,承运人可以在任何时间、任何地点根据情况需要将货物卸下、销毁或者使之不能为害,而不负赔偿责任。托运人对承运人因运输此类货物所受到的损害,应当负赔偿责任。承运人知道危险货物的性质并已同意装运的,仍然可以在该项货物对于船舶、人员或者其他货物构成实际危险时,将货物卸下、销毁或者使之不能为害,而不负赔偿责任。但是,本款规定不影响共同海损的分摊。第六十九条 托运人应当按照约定向承运人支付运费。托运人与承运人可以约定运费由收货人支付;但是,此项约定应当在运输单证中载明。第七十条 托运人对承运人、实际承运人所遭受的损失或者船舶所遭受的损坏,不负赔偿责任;但是,此种损失或者损坏是由于托运人或者托运人的受雇人、代理人的过失造成的除外。托运人的受雇人、代理人对承运人、实际承运人所遭受的损失或者船舶所遭受的损坏,不负赔偿责任;但是,这种损失或者损坏是由于托运人的受雇人、代理人的过失造成的除外。 第四节 运输单证第七十一条 提单,是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船,以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。提单中载明的向记名人交付货物,或者按照指示人的指示交付货物,或者向提单持有人交付货物的条款,构成承运人据以交付货物的保证。第七十二条 货物由承运人接收或者装船后,应托运人的要求,承运人应当签发提单。提单可以由承运人授权的人签发,提单由载货船船舶的船长签发的,视为代表承运人签发。第七十三条 提单内容,包括下列各项:(一)货物的品名、标志、包数或者件数、重量或者体积,以及运输危险货物时对危险性质的说明;(二)承运人的名称和主营业所;(三)船舶名称;(四)托运人的名称;(五)收货人的名称;(六)装货港和在装货港接收货物的日期;(七)卸货港;(八)多式联运提单增列接收货物地点和交付货物地点;(九)提单的签发日期、地点和份数;(十)运费的支付;(十一)承运人或者其代表的签字。提单缺少前款规定的一项或者几项的,不影响提单的性质;但是,提单应当符合本法第七十一条的规定。第七十四条 货物装船前,承运人已经应托运人的要求签发收货待运提单或者其他单证的,货物装船完毕,托运人可以将收货待运提单或者其他单证退还承运人,以换取已装船提单;承运人也可以在收货待运提单上加注承运船舶的船名和装船日期,加注后的收货待运提单视为已装船提单。第七十五条 承运人或者代其签发提单的人,知道或者有合理的根据怀疑提单记载的货物的品名、标志、包数或者件数、重量或者体积与实际接收的货物不符,在签发已装船提单的情况下怀疑与已装船的货物不符,或者没有适当的方法核对提单记载的,可以在提单上批注,说明不符之处、怀疑的根据或者说明无法核对。第七十六条 承运人或者代其签发提单的人未在提单上批注货物表面状况的,视为货物的表面状况良好。第七十七条 除依照本法第七十五条的规定作出保留外,承运人或者代其签发提单的人签发的提单,是承运人已经按照提单所载状况收到货物或者货物已经装船的初步证据;承运人向善意受让提单的包括收货人在内的第三人提出的与提单所载状况不同的证据,不予承认。第七十八条 承运人同收货人、提单持有人之间的权利、义务关系,依据提单的规定确定。收货人、提单持有人不承担在装货港发生的滞期费、亏舱费和其他与装货有关的费用,但是提单中明确载明上述费用由收货人、提单持有人承担的除外。第七十九条 提单的转让,依照下列规定执行:(一)记名提单:不得转让;(二)指示提单:经过记名背书或者空白背书转让;(三)不记名提单:无需背书,即可转让。第八十条 承运人签发提单以外的单证用以证明收到待运货物的,此项单证即为订立海上货物运输合同和承运人接收该单证中所列货物的初步证据。承运人签发的此类单证不得转让。 第五节 货物交付第八十一条 承运人向收货人交付货物时,收货人未将货物灭失或者损坏的情况书面通知承运人的,此项交付视为承运人已经按照运输单证的记载交付以及货物状况良好的初步证据。货物灭失或者损坏的情况非显而易见的,在货物交付的次日起连续七日内,集装箱货物交付的次日起连续十五日内,收货人未提交书面通知的,适用前款规定。货物交付时,收货人已经会同承运人对货物进行联合检查或者检验的,无需就所查明的灭失或者损坏的情况提交书面通知。第八十二条 承运人自向收货人交付货物的次日起连续六十日内,未收到收货人就货物因迟延交付造成经济损失而提交的书面通知的,不负赔偿责任。第八十三条 收货人在目的港提取货物前或者承运人在目的港交付货物前,可以要求检验机构对货物状况进行检验;要求检验的一方应当支付检验费用,但是有权向造成货物损失的责任方追偿。第八十四条 承运人和收货人对本法第八十一条和第八十三条规定的检验,应当相互提供合理的便利条件。第八十五条 货物由实际承运人交付的,收货人依照本法第八十一条的规定向实际承运人提交的书面通知,与向承运人提交书面通知具有同等效力;向承运人提交的书面通知,与向实际承运人提交书面通知具有同等效力。第八十六条 在卸货港无人提取货物或者收货人迟延、拒绝提取货物的,船长可以将货物卸在仓库或者其他适当场所,由此产生的费用和风险由收货人承担。第八十七条 应当向承运人支付的运费、共同海损分摊、滞期费和承运人为货物垫付的必要费用以及应当向承运人支付的其他费用没有付清,又没有提供适当担保的,承运人可以在合理的限度内留置其货物。第八十八条 承运人根据本法第八十七条规定留置的货物,自船舶抵达卸货港的次日起满六十日无人提取的,承运人可以申请法院裁定拍卖;货物易腐烂变质或者货物的保管费用可能超过其价值的,可以申请提前拍卖。拍卖所得价款,用于清偿保管、拍卖货物的费用和运费以及应当向承运人支付的其他有关费用;不足的金额,承运人有权向托运人追偿;剩余的金额,退还托运人;无法退还、自拍卖之日起满一年又无人领取的,上缴国库。 第六节 合同的解除第八十九条 船舶在装货港开航前,托运人可以要求解除合同。但是,除合同另有约定外,托运人应当向承运人支付约定运费的一半;货物已经装船的,并应当负担装货、卸货和其他与此有关的费用。第九十条 船舶在装货港开航前,因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于承运人和托运人的原因致使合同不能履行的,双方均可以解除合同,并互相不负赔偿责任。除合同另有约定外,运费已经支付的,承运人应当将运费退还给托运人;货物已经装船的,托运人应当承担装卸费用;已经签发提单的,托运人应当将提单退还承运人。第九十一条 因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于承运人和托运人的原因致使船舶不能在合同约定的目的港卸货的,除合同另有约定外,船长有权将货物在目的港邻近的安全港口或者地点卸载,视为已经履行合同。船长决定将货物卸载的,应当及时通知托运人或者收货人,并考虑托运人或者收货人的利益。 第七节  航次租船合同的特别规定第九十二条 航次租船合同,是指船舶出租人向承租人提供船舶或者船舶的部分舱位,装运约定的货物,从一港运至另一港,由承租人支付约定运费的合同。第九十三条 航次租船合同的内容,主要包括出租人和承租人的名称、船名、船籍、载货重量、容积、货名、装货港和目的港、受载期限、装卸期限、运费、滞期费、速遣费以及其他有关事项。第九十四条 本法第四十七条和第四十九条的规定,适用于航次租船合同的出租人。本章其他有关合同当事人之间的权利、义务的规定,仅在航次租船合同没有约定或者没有不同约定时,适用于航次租船合同的出租人和承租人。第九十五条 对按照航次租船合同运输的货物签发的提单,提单持有人不是承租人的,承运人与该提单持有人之间的权利、义务关系适用提单的约定。但是,提单中载明适用航次租船合同条款的,适用该航次租船合同的条款。第九十六条 出租人应当提供约定的船舶;经承租人同意,可以更换船舶。但是,提供的船舶或者更换的船舶不符合合同约定的,承租人有权拒绝或者解除合同。因出租人过失未提供约定的船舶致使承租人遭受损失的,出租人应当负赔偿责任。第九十七条 出租人在约定的受载期限内未能提供船舶的,承租人有权解除合同。但是,出租人将船舶延误情况和船舶预期抵达装货港的日期通知承租人的,承租人应当自收到通知时起四十八小时内,将是否解除合同的决定通知出租人。因出租人过失延误提供船舶致使承租人遭受损失的,出租人应当负赔偿责任。第九十八条 航次租船合同的装货、卸货期限及其计算办法,超过装货、卸货期限后的滞期费和提前完成装货、卸货的速遣费,由双方约定。第九十九条 承租人可以将其租用的船舶转租;转租后,原合同约定的权利和义务不受影响。第一百条 承租人应当提供约定的货物;经出租人同意,可以更换货物,但是,更换的货物对出租人不利的,出租人有权拒绝或者解除合同。因未提供约定的货物致使出租人遭受损失的,承租人应当负赔偿责任。第一百零一条 出租人应当在合同约定的卸货港卸货。合同订有承租人选择卸货港条款的,在承租人未按合同约定及时通知确定的卸货港时,船长可以从约定的选卸港中自行选定一港卸货。承租人未按照合同约定及时通知确定的卸货港,致使出租人遭受损失的,应当负赔偿责任。出租人未按照合同约定,擅自选定港口卸货致使承租人遭受损失的,应当负赔偿责任。 第八节 多式联运合同的特别规定第一百零二条 本法所称多式联运合同,是指多式联运经营人以两种以上的不同运输方式,其中一种是海上运输方式,负责将货物从接收地运至目的地交付收货人,并收取全程运费的合同。前款所称多式联运经营人,是指本人或者委托他人以本人名义与托运人订立多式联运合同的人。第一百零三条 多式联运经营人对多式联运货物的责任期间,自接收货物时起至交付货物时止。第一百零四条 多式联运经营人负责履行或者组织履行多式联运合同,并对全程运输负责。多式联运经营人与参加多式联运的各区段承运人,可以就多式联运合同的各区段运输,另以合同约定相互之间的责任。但是,此项合同不得影响多式联运经营人对全程运输所承担的责任。第一百零五条 货物的灭失或者损坏发生于多式联运的某一运输区段的,多式联运经营人的赔偿责任和责任限额,适用调整该区段运输方式的有关法律规定。第一百零六条 货物的灭失或者损坏发生的运输区段不能确定的,多式联运经营人应当依照本章关于承运人赔偿责任和责任限额的规定负赔偿责任。  第五章 海上旅客运输合同第一百零七条 海上旅客运输合同,是指承运人以适合运送旅客的船舶经海路将旅客及其行李从一港运送至另一港,由旅客支付票款的合同。第一百零八条 本章下列用语的含义:(一)“承运人”,是指本人或者委托他人以本人名义与旅客订立海上旅客运输合同的人。(二)“实际承运人”,是指接受承运人委托,从事旅客运送或者部分运送的人,包括接受转委托从事此项运送的其他人。(三)“旅客”,是指根据海上旅客运输合同运送的人;经承运人同意,根据海上货物运输合同,随船护送货物的人,视为旅客。(四)“行李”,是指根据海上旅客运输合同由承运人载运的任何物品和车辆,但是活动物除外。(五)“自带行李”,是指旅客自行携带、保管或者放置在客舱中的行李。第一百零九条 本章关于承运人责任的规定,适用于实际承运人。本章关于承运人的受雇人、代理人责任的规定,适用于实际承运人的受雇人、代理人。第一百一十条 旅客客票是海上旅客运输合同成立的凭证。第一百一十一条 海上旅客运输的运送期间,自旅客登船时起至旅客离船时止,客票票价含接送费用的,运送期间并包括承运人经水路将旅客从岸上接到船上和从船上送到岸上的时间,但是不包括旅客在港站内、码头上或者在港口其他设施内的时间。旅客的自带行李,运送期间同前款规定,旅客自带行李以外的其他行李,运送期间自旅客将行李交付承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人时起至承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人交还旅客时止。第一百一十二条 旅客无票乘船、越级乘船或者超程乘船,应当按照规定补足票款,承运人可以按照规定加收票款;拒不交付的,船长有权在适当地点令其离船,承运人有权向其追偿。第一百一十三条 旅客不得随身携带或者在行李中夹带违禁品或者易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性以及有可能危及船上人身和财产安全的其他危险品。承运人可以在任何时间、任何地点将旅客违反前款规定随身携带或者在行李中夹带的违禁品、危险品卸下、销毁或者使之不能为害,或者送交有关部门,而不负赔偿责任。旅客违反本条第一款规定,造成损害的,应当负赔偿责任。第一百一十四条 在本法第一百一十一条规定的旅客及其行李的运送期间,因承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人在受雇或者受委托的范围内过失引起事故,造成旅客人身伤亡或者行李灭失、损坏的,承运人应当负赔偿责任。请求人对承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人的过失应当负举证责任;但是,本条第三款和第四款规定的情形除外。旅客的人身伤亡或者自带行李的灭失、损坏,是由于船舶的沉没、碰撞、搁浅、爆炸、火灾所引起或者是由于船舶的缺陷所引起的,承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人除非提出反证,应当视为其有过失。旅客自带行李以外的其他行李的灭失或者损坏,不论由于何种事故所引起,承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人除非提出反证,应当视为其有过失。第一百一十五条 经承运人证明,旅客的人身伤亡或者行李的灭失、损坏,是由于旅客本人的过失或者旅客和承运人的共同过失造成的,可以免除或者相应减轻承运人的赔偿责任 。经承运人证明,旅客的人身伤亡或者行李的灭失、损坏是由于旅客本人的故意造成的,或者旅客的人身伤亡是由于旅客本人健康状况造成的,承运人不负赔偿责任。第一百一十六条 承运人对旅客的货币、金银、珠宝、有价证券或者其他贵重物品所发生的灭失、损坏,不负赔偿责任。旅客与承运人约定将前款规定的物品交由承运人保管的,承运人应当依照本法第一百一十七条的规定负赔偿责任;双方以书面约定的赔偿限额高于本法第一百一十七条的规定的,承运人应当按照约定的数额负赔偿责任。第一百一十七条 除本条第四款规定的情形外,承运人在每次海上旅客运输中的赔偿责任限额,依照下列规定执行:(一)旅客人身伤亡的,每名旅客不超过46666计算单位;(二)旅客自带行李灭失或者损坏的,每名旅客不超过833计算单位;(三)旅客车辆包括该车辆所载行李灭失或者损坏的,每一车辆不超过3333计算单位;(四)本款第(二)、(三)项以外的旅客其他行李灭失或者损坏的,每名旅客不超过1200计算单位。承运人和旅客可以约定,承运人对旅客车辆和旅客车辆以外的其他行李损失的免赔额。但是,对每一车辆损失的免赔额不得超过117计算单位,对每名旅客的车辆以外的其他行李损失的免赔额不得超过13计算单位。在计算每一车辆或者每名旅客的车辆以外的其他行李的损失赔偿数额时,应当扣除约定的承运人免赔额。承运人和旅客可以书面约定高于本条第一款规定的赔偿责任限额。中华人民共和国港口之间的海上旅客运输,承运人的赔偿责任限额,由国务院交通主管部门制订,报国务院批准后施行。第一百一十八条 经证明,旅客的人身伤亡或者行李的灭失、损坏,是由于承运人的故意或者明知可能造成损坏而轻率地作为或者不作为造成的,承运人不得援用本法第一百一十六条和第一百一十七条限制赔偿责任的规定。经证明,旅客的人身伤亡或者行李的灭失、损坏,是由于承运人的受雇人、代理人的故意或者明知可能造成损害而轻率地作为或者不作为造成的,承运人的受雇人、代理人不得援用本法第一百一十六条和第一百一十七条限制赔偿责任的规定。第一百一十九条 行李发生明显损坏的,旅客应当依照下列规定向承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人提交书面通知:(一)自带行李,应当在旅客离船前或者离船时提交;(二)其他行李,应当在行李交还前或者交还时提交。行李的损坏不明显,旅客在离船时或者行李交还时难以发现的,以及行李发生灭失的,旅客应当在离船或者行李交还或者应当交还之日起十五内,向承运人或者承运人的受雇人、代理人提交书面通知。旅客未依照本条第一、二款规定及时提交书面通知的,除非提出反证,视为已经完整无损地收到行李。行李交还时,旅客已经会同承运人对行李进行联合检查或者检验的,无需提交书面通知。第一百二十条 向承运人的受雇人、代理人提出的赔偿请求,受雇人或者代理人证明其行为是在受雇或者受委托的范围内的,有权援用本法第一百一十五条、第一百一十六条和第一百一十七条的抗辩理由和赔偿责任限制的规定。第一百二十一条 承运人将旅客运送或者部分运送委托给实际承运人履行的,仍然应当依照本章规定,对全程运送负责。实际承运人履行运送的,承运人应当对实际承运人的行为或者实际承运人的受雇人、代理人在受雇或者受委托的范围内的行为负责。第一百二十二条 承运人承担本章未规定的义务或者放弃本章赋予的权利的任何特别协议,经实际承运人书面明确同意的,对实际承运人发生效力;实际承运人是否同意,不影响此项特别协议对承运人的效力。第一百二十三条 承运人与实际承运人均负有赔偿责任的,应当在此项责任限度内负连带责任。第一百二十四条 就旅客的人身伤亡或者行李的灭失、损坏,分别向承运人、实际承运人以及他们的受雇人、代理人提出赔偿请求,赔偿总额不得超过本法第一百一十七条规定的限额。第一百二十五条 本法第一百二十一条至第一百二十四条的规定,不影响承运人和实际承运人之间相互追偿。第一百二十六条 海上旅客运输合同中含有下列内容之一的条款无效:(一)免除承运人对旅客应当承担的法定责任;(二)降低本章规定的承运人责任限额;(三)对本章规定的举证责任作出相反的约定;(四)限制旅客提出赔偿请求的权利。前款规定的合同条款的无效,不影响合同其他条款的效力。  第六章 船舶租用合同  第一节 一般规定第一百二十七条 本章关于出租人和承租人之间权利、义务的规定,仅在船舶租用合同没有约定或者没有不同约定时适用。第一百二十八条 船舶租用合同,包括定期租船合同和光船租赁合同,均应当书面订立。 第二节 定期租船合同第一百二十九条 定期租船合同,是指船舶出租人向承租人提供约定的由出租人配备船员的船舶,由承租人在约定的期间内按照约定的用途使用,并支付租金的合同。第一百三十条 定期租船合同的内容,主要包括出租人和承租人的名称、船名、船籍、船级、吨位、容积、船速、燃料消耗、航区、用途、租船期间、交船和还船的时间和地点以及条件、租金及其支付,以及其他有关事项。第一百三十一条 出租人应当按照合同约定的时间交付船舶。出租人违反前款规定的,承租人有权解除合同,出租人将船舶延误情况和船舶预期抵达交船港的日期通知承租人的,承租人应当自接到通知时起四十八小时内,将解除合同或者继续租用船舶的决定通知出租人。因出租人过失延误提供船舶致使承租人遭受损失的,出租人应当负赔偿责任。第一百三十二条 出租人交付船舶时,应当做到谨慎处理,使船舶适航。交付的船舶应当适于约定的用途。出租人违反前款规定的,承租人有权解除合同,并有权要求赔偿因此遭受的损失。第一百三十三条 船舶在租期内不符合约定的适航状态或者其他状态,出租人应当采取可能采取的合理措施,使之尽快恢复。船舶不符合约定的适航状态或者其他状态而不能正常营运连续满二十四小时的,对因此而损失的营运时间,承租人不付租金,但是上述状态是由承租人造成的除外。第一百三十四条 承租人应当保证船舶在约定航区内的安全港口或者地点之间从事约定的海上运输。承租人违反前款规定的,出租人有权解除合同,并有权要求赔偿因此遭受的损失。第一百三十五条 承租人应当保证船舶用于运输约定的合法的货物。承租人将船舶用于运输活动物或者危险货物的,应当事先征得出租人的同意。承租人违反本条第一款或者第二款的规定致使出租人遭受损失的,应当负赔偿责任。第一百三十六条 承租人有权就船舶的营运向船长发出指示,但是不得违反定期租船合同的约定。第一百三十七条 承租人可以将租用的船舶转租,但是应当将转租的情况及时通知出租人。租用的船舶转租后,原租船合同约定的权利和义务不受影响。第一百三十八条 船舶所有人转让以及租出的船舶的所有权,定期租船合同约定的当事人的权利和义务不受影响,但是应当及时通知承租人。船舶所有权转让后,原租船合同由受让人和承租人继续履行。第一百三十九条 在合同期间,船舶进行海难救助的,承租人有权获得扣除救助费用、损失赔偿、船员应得部分以及其他费用后的救助款项的一半。第一百四十条 承租人应当按照合同约定支付租金。承租人未按照合同约定支付租金的,出租人有权解除合同,并有权要求赔偿因此遭受的损失。第十百四十一条 承租人未向出租人支付租金或者合同约定的其他款项的,出租人对船上属于承租人的货物和财产以及转租船舶的收入有留置权。第一百四十二条 承租人向出租人交还船舶时,该传船舶当具有与出租人交船时相同的良好状态,但是船舶本身的自然磨损除外。船舶未能保持与交船时相同的良好状态的,承租人应当负责修复或者给予赔偿。第一百四十三条 经合理计算,完成最后航次的日期约为合同约定的还船日期,但可能超过合同约定的还船日期的,承租人有权超期用船以完成该航次。超期期间,承租人应当按照合同约定的租金率支付租金;市场的租金率高于合同约定的租金率的,承租人应当按照市场租金率支付租金。    第三节 光船租赁合同第一百四十四条 光船租赁合同,是指船舶出租人向承租人提供不配备船员的船舶,在约定的期间内由承租人占有、使用和营运,并向出租人支付租金的合同。第一百四十五条 光船租赁合同的内容,主要包括出租人和承租人的名称、船名、船籍、船级、吨位、容积、航区、用途、租船期间、交船和还船的时间和地点以及条件、船舶检验、船舶的保养维修、租金及其支付、船舶保险、合同解除的时间和条件,以及其他有关事项。第一百四十六条 出租人应当在合同约定的港口或者地点,按照合同约定的时间,向承租人交付船舶以及船舶证书。交船时,出租人应当做到谨慎处理,使船舶适航。交付的船舶应当适于合同约定的用途。   出租人违反前款规定的,承租人有权解除合同,并有权要求赔偿因此遭受的损失。第一百四十七条 在光船租赁期间,承租人负责船舶的保养、维修。第一百四十八条 在光船租赁期间,承租人应当按照合同约定的船舶价值,以出租人同意的保险方式为船舶进行保险,并负担保险费用。第一百四十九条 在光船租赁期间,因承租人对船舶占有、使用和营运的原因使出租人的利益受到影响或者遭受损失的,承租人应当负责消除影响或者赔偿损失。因船舶所有权争议或者出租人所负的债务致使船舶被扣押的,出租人应当保证承租人的利益不受影响;致使承租人遭受损失的,出租人应当负赔偿责任。第一百五十条 在光船租赁期间,未经出租人书面同意,承租人不得转让合同的权利和义务或者以光船租赁的方式将船舶进行转租。第一百五十一条 未经承租人事先书面同意,出租人不得在光船租赁期间对船舶设定抵押权。出租人违反前款规定,致使承租人遭受损失的,应当负赔偿责任。第一百五十二条 承租人应当按照合同约定支付租金。承租人未按照合同约定的时间支付租金连续超过七日的,出租人有权解除合同,并有权要求赔偿因此遭受的损失。 船舶发生灭失或者失踪的,租金应当自船舶灭失或者得知其最后消息之日起停止支付,预付租金应当按照比例退还。第一百五十三条 本法第一百三十四条、第一百三十五条、第一百四十二条和第一百四十三条的规定,适用于光船租赁合同。第一百五十四条 订有租购条款的光船租赁合同,承租人按照合同约定向出租人付清租购费时,船舶所有权即归于承租人。 第七章 海上拖航合同第一百五十五条 海上拖航合同,是指承拖方用拖轮将被拖物经海路从一地拖至另一地,而由被拖方支付拖航费的合同。本章规定不适用于在港区内对船舶提供的拖轮服务。第一百五十六条 海上拖航合同应当书面订立。海上拖航合同的内容,主要包括承拖方和被拖方的名称和住所、拖轮和被拖物的名称和主要尺度、拖轮马力、起拖地和目的地、起拖日期、拖航费及其支付方式,以及其他有关事项。第一百五十七条 承拖方在起拖前和起拖当时,应当谨慎处理,使拖轮处于适航、适拖状态,妥善配备船员,配置拖航索具和配备供应品以及该航次必备的其他装置、设备。被拖方在起拖前和起拖当时,应当做好被拖物的拖航准备,谨慎处理,使被拖物处于适拖状态,并向承拖方如实说明被拖物的情况,提供有关检验机构签发的被拖物适合拖航的证书和有关文件。第一百五十八条 起拖前,因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使合同不能履行的,双方均可以解除合同,并互相不负赔偿责任。除合同另有约定外,拖航费已经支付的,承拖方应当退还给被拖方。第一百五十九条 起拖后,因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使合同不能继续履行的,双方均可以解除合同,并互相不负赔偿责任。第一百六十条 因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使被拖物不能拖至目的地的,除合同另有约定外,承拖方可以在目的地的邻近地点或者拖轮船长选定的安全的港口或者锚泊地 ,将被拖物移交给被拖方或者其代理人,视为已经履行合同。第一百六十一条 被拖方未按照约定支付拖航费和其他合理费用的,承拖方对被拖物有留置权。第一百六十二条 在海上拖航过程中,承拖方或者被拖方遭受的损失,由一方的过失造成的,有过失的一方应当负赔偿责任;由双方过失造成的,各方按照过失程度的比例负赔偿责任。虽有前款规定,经承拖方证明,被拖方的损失是由于下列原因之一造成的,承拖方不负赔偿责任:(一)拖轮船长、船员、引航员或者承拖方的其他受雇人、代理人在驾驶拖轮或者管理拖轮中的过失;(二)拖轮在海上救助或者企图救助人命或者财产时的过失。本条规定仅在海上拖航合同没有约定或者没有不同约定时适用。第一百六十三条 在海上拖航过程中,由于承拖方或者被拖方的过失,造成第三人人身伤亡或者财产损失的,承拖方和被拖方对第三人负连带赔偿责任。除合同另有约定外,一方连带支付的赔偿超过其应当承担的比例的,对另一方有追偿权。第一百六十四条 拖轮所有人拖带其所有的或者经营的驳船载运货物,经海路由一港运至另一港的,视为海上货物运输。    第八章 船舶碰撞第一百六十五条 船舶碰撞,是指船舶在海上或者与海相通的可航水域发生接触造成损害的事故。前款所称船舶,包括与本法第三条所指船舶碰撞的任何其他非用于军事的或者政府公务的船艇。第一百六十六条 船舶发生碰撞,当事船舶的船长在不严重危及本船和船上人员安全的情况下,对于相碰的船舶和船上人员必须尽力施救。 碰撞船舶的船长应当尽可能将其船舶名称、船籍港、出发港和目的港通知对方。第一百六十七条 船舶发生碰撞,是由于不可抗力或者其他不能归责于任何一方的原因或者无法查明的原因造成的,碰撞各方互相不负赔偿责任。第一百六十八条 船舶发生碰撞,是由于一船的过失造成的,由有过失的船舶负赔偿责任。第一百六十九条 船舶发生碰撞,碰撞的船舶互有过失的,各船按照过失程度的比例负赔偿责任;过失程度相当或者过失程度的比例无法判定的,平均负赔偿责任。互有过失的船舶,对碰撞造成的船舶以及船上货物和其他财产的损失,依照前款规定的比例负赔偿责任。碰撞造成第三人财产损失的,各船的赔偿责任均不超过其应当承担的比例。   互有过失的船舶,对造成的第三人的人身伤亡,负连带赔偿责任。一船连带支付的赔偿超过本条第一款规定的比例的,有权向其他有过失的船舶追偿。第一百七十条 船舶因操纵不当或者不遵守航行规章,虽然实际上没有同其他船舶发生碰撞,但是使其他船舶以及船上的人员、货物或者其他财产遭受损失的,适用本章的规定。   第九章 海难救助第一百七十一条 本章规定适用于在海上或者与海相通的可航水域,对遇险的船舶和其他财产进行的救助。第一百七十二条 本章下列用语的含义:(一)“船舶”,是指本法第三条所称的船舶和与其发生救助关系的任何其他非用于军事的或者政府公务的船艇。(二)“财产”,是指非永久地和非有意地依附于岸线的任何财产,包括有风险的运费。(三)“救助款项”,是指依照本章规定,被救助方应当向救助方支付的任何救助报酬、酬金或者补偿。第一百七十三条 本章规定,不适用于海上已经就位的从事海底矿物资源的勘探、开发或者生产的固定式、浮动式平台和移动式近海钻井装置。第一百七十四条 船长在不严重危及本船和船上人员安全的情况下,有义务尽力救助海上人命。第一百七十五条 救助方与被救助方就海难救助达成协议,救助合同成立。遇险船舶的船长有权代表船舶所有人订立救助合同。遇险船舶的船长或者船舶所有人有权代表船上财产所有人订立救助合同。第一百七十六条 有下列情形之一,经一方当事人起诉或者双方当事人协议仲裁的,受理争议的法院或者仲裁机构可以判决或者裁决变更救助合同:(一)合同在不正当的或者危险情况的影响下订立,合同条款显失公平的;(二)根据合同支付的救助款项明显过高或者过低于实际提供的救助服务的。第一百七十七条 在救助作业过程中,救助方对被救助方负有下列义务:(一)以应有的谨慎进行救助;(二)以应有的谨慎防止或者减少环境污染损害;(三)在合理需要的情况下,寻求其他救助方援助;(四)当被救助方合理地要求其他救助方参与救助作业时,接受此种要求,但是要求不合理的,原救助方的救助报酬金额不受影响。第一百七十八条 在救助作业过程中,被救助方对救助方负有下列义务:(一)与救助方通力合作;(二)以应有的谨慎防止或者减少环境污染损害;(三)当获救的船舶或者其他财产已经被送至安全地点时,及时接受救助方提出的合理的移交要求。第一百七十九条 救助方对遇险的船舶和其他财产的救助,取得效果的,有权获得救助报酬:救助未取得效果的,除本法第一百八十二条或者其他法律另有规定或者合同另有约定外,无权获得救助款项。第一百八十条 确定救助报酬,应当体现对救助作业的鼓励,并综合考虑下列各项因素:(一)船舶和其他财产的获救的价值;(二)救助方在防止或者减少环境污染损害方面的技能和努力;(三)救助方的救助成效;(四)危险的性质和程度;(五)救助方在救助船舶、其他财产和人命方面的技能和努力;(六)救助方所用的时间、支出的费用和遭受的损失;(七)救助方或者救助设备所冒的责任风险和其他风险;(八)救助方提供救助服务的及时性;(九)用于救助作业的船舶和其他设备的可用性和使用情况;(十)救助设备的备用状况、效能和设备的价值。救助报酬不得超过船舶和其他财产的获救价值。第一百八十一条 船舶和其他财产的获救价值,是指船舶和其他财产获救后的估计价值或者实际出卖的收入,扣除有关税款和海关、检疫、检验费用以及进行卸载、保管、估价、出卖而产生的费用后的价值。前款规定的价值不包括船员的获救的私人物品和旅客的获救的自带行李的价值。第一百八十二条 对构成环境污染损害危险的船舶或者船上货物进行的救助,救助方依照本法第一百八十条规定获得的救助报酬,少于依照本条规定可以得到的特别补偿的,救助方有权依照本条规定,从船舶所有人处获得相当于救助费用的特别补偿。救助人进行前款规定的救助作业,取得防止或者减少环境污染损害效果的,船舶所有人依照前款规定应当向救助方支付的特别补偿可以另行增加,增加的数额可以达到救助费用的百分之三十。受理争议的法院或者仲裁机构认为适当,并且考虑到本法第一百八十条第一款的规定,可以判决或者裁决进一步增加特别补偿数额;但是,在任何情况下,增加部分不得超过救助费用的百分之一百。本条所称救助费用,是指救助方在救助作业中直接支付的合理费用以及实际适用救助设备、投入救助人员的合理费用。确定救助费用应当考虑本法第一百八十条第一款第(八)、(九)、(十)项的规定。在任何情况下,本条规定的全部特别补偿,只有在超过救助方依照本法第一百八十条规定能够获得的救助报酬时,方可支付,支付金额为特别补偿超过救助报酬的差额部分。由于救助方的过失未能防止或者减少环境污染损害的,可以全部或者部分地剥夺救助方获得特别补偿的权利。本条规定不影响船舶所有人对其他被救助方的追偿权。第一百八十三条 救助报酬的金额,应当由获救的船舶和其他财产的各所有人,按照船舶和其他各项财产各自的获救价值占全部获救价值的比例承担。第一百八十四条 参加同一救助作业的各救助方的救助报酬,应当根据本法第一百八十条规定的标准,由各方协商确定;协商不成的,可以提请受理争议的法院判决或者经各方协议提请仲裁机构裁决。 第一百八十五条 在救助作业中救助人命的救助方,对获救人员不得请求酬金,但是有权从救助船舶或者其他财产、防止或者减少环境污染损害的救助方获得的救助款项中,获得合理份额。第一百八十六条 下列救助行为无权获得救助款项:(一)正常履行拖航合同或者其他服务合同的义务进行救助的,但是提供不属于履行上述义务的特殊劳务除外;(二)不顾遇险的船舶的船长、船舶所有人或者其他财产所有人明确的和合理的拒绝,仍然进行救助的。第一百八十七条 由于救助方的过失致使救助作业成为必需或者更加困难的,或者救助方有欺诈或者其他不诚实行为的,应当取消或者减少向救助方支付的救助款项。第一百八十八条 被救助方在救助作业结束后,应当根据救助方的要求,对救助款项提供满意的担保。在不影响前款规定的情况下,获救船舶的船舶所有人应当在获救的货物交还前,尽力使货物的所有人对其应当承担的救助款项提供满意的担保。在未根据救助人的要求对获救的船舶或者其他财产提供满意的担保以前,未经救助方同意,不得将获救的船舶和其他财产从救助作业完成后最初到达的港口或者地点移走。第一百八十九条 受理救助款项请求的法院或者仲裁机构,根据具体情况,在合理的条件下,可以裁定或者裁决被救助方向救助方先行支付适当的金额。被救助方根据前款规定先行支付金额后,其根据本法第一百八十八条规定提供的担保金额应当相应扣减。第一百九十条 对于获救满九十日的船舶和其他财产,如果被救助方不支付救助款项也不提供满意的担保,救助方可以申请法院裁定强制拍卖;对于无法保管、不易保管或者保管费用可能超过其价值的获救的船舶和其他财产,可以申请提前拍卖。拍卖所得价款,在扣除保管和拍卖过程中的一切费用后,依照本法规定支付救助款项;剩余的金额,退还被救助方;无法退还、自拍卖之日起满一年又无人认领的,上缴国库;不足的金额,救助方有权向被救助方追偿。第一百九十一条 同一船舶所有人的船舶之间进行的救助,救助方获得救助款项的权利适用本章规定。第一百九十二条 国家有关主管机关从事或者控制的救助作业,救助方有权享受本章规定的关于救助作业的权利和补偿。  第十章 共同海损第一百九十三条 共同海损,是指在同一海上航程中,船舶、货物和其他财产遭遇共同危险,为了共同安全,有意地合理地采取措施所直接造成的特殊牺牲、支付的特殊费用。无论在航程中或者在航程结束后发生的船舶或者货物因迟延所造成的损失,包括船期损失和行市损失以及其他间接损失,均不得列入共同海损。第一百九十四条 船舶因发生意外、牺牲或者其他特殊情况而损坏时,为了安全完成本航程,驶入避难港口、避难地点或者驶回装货港口、装货地点进行必要的修理,在该港口或者地点额外停留期间所支付的港口费,船员工资、给养,船舶所消耗的燃料、物料,为修理而卸载、贮存、重装或者搬移船上货物、燃料、物料以及其他财产所造成的损失、支付的费用,应当列入共同海损。第一百九十五条 为代替可以列为共同海损的特殊费用而支付的额外费用,可以作为代替费用列入共同海损;但是,列入共同海损的代替费用的金额,不得超过被代替的共同海损的特殊费用。第一百九十六条 提出共同海损分摊请求的一方应当负举证责任,证明其损失应当列入共同海损。第一百九十七条 引起共同海损特殊牺牲、特殊费用的事故,可能是由航程中一方的过失造成的,不影响该方要求分摊共同海损的权利;但是,非过失方或者过失方可以就此项过失提出赔偿请求或者进行抗辩。第一百九十八条 船舶、货物和运费的共同海损牺牲的金额,依照下列规定确定:(一)船舶共同海损牺牲的金额,按照实际支付的修理费,减除合理的以新换旧的扣减额计算。船舶尚未修理的,按照牺牲造成的合理贬值计算,但是不得超过估计的修理费。船舶发生实际全损或者修理费用超过修复后的船舶价值的,共同海损牺牲金额按照该船舶在完好状态下的估计价值,减除不属于共同海损损坏的估计的修理费和该船舶受损后的价值余额计算。(二)货物共同海损牺牲的金额,货物灭失的,按照货物在装船时的价值加保险费加运费,减除由于牺牲无需支付的运费计算。货物损坏,在就损坏程度达成协议前售出的,按照货物在装船时的价值加保险费加运费,与出售货物净得的差额计算。(三)运费共同海损牺牲的金额,按照货物遭受牺牲造成的运费的损失金额,减除为取得这笔运费本应支付,但是由于牺牲无需支付的营运费用计算。第一百九十九条 共同海损应当由受益方按照各自的分摊价值的比例分摊。船舶、货物和运费的共同海损分摊价值,分别依照下列规定确定:(一)船舶共同海损分摊价值,按照船舶在航程终止时的完好价值,减除不属于共同海损的损失金额计算,或者按照船舶在航程终止时的实际价值,加上共同海损牺牲的金额计算。(二)货物共同海损分摊价值,按照货物在装船时的价值加保险费加运费,减除不属于共同海损的损失金额和承运人承担风险的运费计算。货物在抵达目的港以前售出的, 按照出售净得金额,加上共同海损牺牲的金额计算。旅客的行李和私人物品,不分摊共同海损。(三)运费分摊价值,按照承运人承担风险并于航程终止时有权收取的运费,减除为取得该项运费而在共同海损事故发生后,为完成本航程所支付的营运费用,加上共同海损牺牲的金额计算。第二百条 未申报的货物或者慌报的货物,应当参加共同海损分摊;其遭受的特殊牺牲,不得列入共同海损。不正当地以低于货物实际价值作为申报价值的,按照实际价值分摊共同海损;在发生共同海损牺牲时,按照申报价值计算牺牲金额。第二百零一条 对共同海损特殊牺牲和垫付的共同海损特殊费用,应当计算利息。对垫付的共同海损特殊费用,除船员工资、给养和船舶消耗的燃料、物料外,应当计算手续费。 第二百零二条 经利益关系人要求,各分摊方应当提供共同海损担保。以提供保证金方式进行共同海损担保的,保证金应当交由海损理算师以保管人名义存入银行。保证金的提供、使用或者退还,不影响各方最终的分摊责任。第二百零三条 共同海损理算,适用合同约定的理算规则;合同未约定的,适用本章的规定。 第十一章 海事赔偿责任限制第二百零四条 船舶所有人、救助人,对本法第二百零七条所列海事赔偿请求,可以依照本章规定限制赔偿责任。前款所称的船舶所有人,包括船舶承租人和船舶经营人。第二百零五条 本法第二百零七条所列海事赔偿请求,不是向船舶所有人、救助人本人提出,而是向他们对其行为、过失负有责任的人员提出的,这些人员可以依照本章规定限制赔偿责任。第二百零六条 被保险人依照本章规定可以限制赔偿责任的,对该海事赔偿请求承担责任的保险人,有权依照本章规定享受相同的赔偿责任限制。第二百零七条 下列海事赔偿请求,除本法第二百零八条和第二百零九条另有规定外,无论赔偿责任的基础有何不同,责任人均可以依照本章规定限制赔偿责任:(一)在船上发生的或者与船舶营运、救助作业直接相关的人身伤亡或者财产的灭失、损坏,包括对港口工程、港池、航道和助航设施造成的损坏,以及由此引起的相应损失的赔偿请求;(二)海上货物运输因迟延交付或者旅客及其行李运输因迟延到达造成损失的赔偿请求;(三)与船舶营运或者救助作业直接相关的,侵犯非合同权利的行为造成其他损失的赔偿请求;(四)责任人以外的其他人,为避免或者减少责任人依照本章规定可以限制赔偿责任的损失而采取措施的赔偿请求,以及因此项措施造成进一步损失的赔偿请求。前款所列赔偿请求,无论提出的方式有何不同,均可以限制赔偿责任。但是,第(四)项涉及责任人以合同约定支付的报酬,责任人的支付责任不得援用本条赔偿责任限制的规定。第二百零八条 本章规定不适用于下列各项:(一)对救助款项或者共同海损分摊的请求;(二)中华人民共和国参加的国际油污损害民事责任公约规定的油污损害的赔偿请求;(三)中华人民共和国参加的国际核能损害责任限制公约规定的核能损害的赔偿请求;(四)核动力船舶造成的核能损害的赔偿请求;(五)船舶所有人或者救助人的受雇人提出的赔偿请求,根据调整劳务合同的法律,船舶所有人或者救助人对该类赔偿请求无权限制赔偿责任,或者该项法律作了高于本章规定的赔偿限额的规定。第二百零九条 经证明,引起赔偿请求的损失是由于责任人的故意或者明知可能造成损失而轻率地作为或者不作为造成的,责任人无权依照本章规定限制赔偿责任。第二百一十条 除本法第二百一十一条另有规定外,海事赔偿责任限制,依照下列规定计算赔偿限额:(一)关于人身伤亡的赔偿请求1.总吨位300吨 至500吨的船舶,赔偿限额为333000计算单位;2.总吨位超过500吨的船舶,500吨以下部分适用本项第1目的规定,500吨以上的部分,应当增加下列数额:501吨至3000吨的部分,每吨增加500计算单位;3001吨至30000吨的部分,每吨增加333计算单位;30001吨至70000吨的部分,每吨增加250计算单位;超过70000吨的部分,每吨增加167计算单位。(二)关于非人身伤亡的赔偿请求1.总吨位300吨至500吨的船舶,赔偿限额为167000计算单位;2.总吨位超过500吨的船舶,500吨以下部分适用本项第1目的规定,500吨以上的部分,应当增加下列数额:501吨至30000吨的部分,每吨增加167计算单位;30001吨至70000吨的部分,每吨增加125计算单位;超过70000吨的部分,每吨增加83计算单位。(三)依照第(一)项规定的限额,不足以支付全部人身伤亡的赔偿请求的,其差额应当与非人身伤亡的赔偿请求并列,从第(二)项数额中按照比例受偿。(四)在不影响第(三)项关于人身伤亡赔偿请求的情况下,就港口工程、港池、航道和助航设施的损害提出的赔偿请求,应当较第(二)项中的其他赔偿请求优先受偿。(五)不以船舶进行救助作业或者在被救船舶上进行救助作业的救助人,其责任限额按照总吨位为1500吨的船舶计算。总吨位不满300吨的船舶,从事中华人民共和国港口之间的运输的船舶,以及从事沿海作业的船舶,其赔偿限额由国务院交通主管部门制定,报国务院批准后施行。第二百一十一条 海上旅客运输的旅客人身伤亡赔偿责任限制,按照46666计算单位乘以船舶证书规定的载客定额计算赔偿限额,但是最高不超过25000000计算单位。中华人民共和国港口之间海上旅客运输的旅客人身伤亡,赔偿限额由国务院交通主管部门制定,报国务院批准后施行。第二百一十二条 本法第二百一十条和第二百一十一条规定的赔偿限额,适用于特定场合发生的事故引起的,向船舶所有人、救助人本人和他们对其行为、过失负有责任的人员提出的请求的总额。第二百一十三条 责任人要求依照本法规定限制赔偿责任的,可以在有管辖权的法院设立责任限制基金。基金数额分别为本法第二百一十条、第二百一十一条规定的限额,加上自责任产生之日起至基金设立之日止的相应利息。第二百一十四条 责任人设立责任限制基金后,向责任人提出请求的任何人,不得对责任人的任何财产行使任何权利;已设立责任限制基金的责任人的船舶或者其他财产已经被扣押,或者基金设立人已经提交抵押物的,法院应当及时下令释放或者责令退还。第二百一十五条 享受本章规定的责任限制的人,就同一事故向请求人提出反请求的,双方的请求金额应当相互抵销,本章规定的赔偿限额仅适用于两个请求金额之间的差额。 第十二章 海上保险合同第一节 一般规定第二百一十六条 海上保险合同,是指保险人按照约定,对被保险人遭受保险事故造成保险标的的损失和产生的责任负责赔偿,而由被保险人支付保险费的合同。前款所称保险事故,是指保险人与被保险人约定的任何海上事故,包括与海上航行有关的发生于内河或者陆上的事故。第二百一十七条 海上保险合同的内容,主要包括下列各项:(一)保险人名称;(二)被保险人名称;(三)保险标的;(四)保险价值;(五)保险金额;(六)保险责任和除外责任;(七)保险期间;(八)保险费。 第二百一十八条 下列各项可以作为保险标的:(一)船舶;(二)货物;(三)船舶营运收入,包括运费、租金、旅客票款;(四)货物预期利润;(五)船员工资和其他报酬;(六)对第三人的责任;(七)由于发生保险事故可能受到损失的其他财产和产生的责任、费用。保险人可以将对前款保险标的的保险进行再保险。除合同另有约定外,原被保险人不得享有再保险的利益。第二百一十九条 保险标的的保险价值由保险人与被保险人约定。保险人与被保险人未约定保险价值的,保险价值依照下列规定计算:(一)船舶的保险价值,是保险责任开始时船舶的价值,包括船壳、机器、设备的价值,以及船上燃料、物料、索具、给养、淡水的价值和保险费的总和;(二)货物的保险价值,是保险责任开始时货物在起运地的发票价格或者非贸易商品在起运地的实际价值以及运费和保险费的总和;(三)运费的保险价值,是保险责任开始时承运人应收运费总额和保险费的总和;(四)其他保险标的的保险价值,是保险责任开始时保险标的的实际价值和报名费的总和。第二百二十条 保险金额由保险人与被保险人约定。保险金额不得超过保险价值;超过保险价值的,超过部分无效。   第二节 合同的订立、解除和转让第二百二十一条 被保险人提出保险要求,经保险人同意承保,并就海上保险合同的条款达成协议后,合同成立。保险人应当及时向被保险人签发保险单或者其他保险单证,并在保险单或者其他单证中载明当事人双方约定的合同内容。第二百二十二条 合同订立前,被保险人应当将其知道的或者在通常业务中应当知道的有关影响保险人据以确定保险费率或者确定是否同意承担的重要情况,如实告知保险人。保险人知道或者在通常业务中应当知道的情况,保险人没有询问的,被保险人无需告知。第二百二十三条 由于被保险人的故意,未将本法第二百二十二条第一款规定的重要情况如实告知保险人的,保险人有权解除合同,并不退还保险费。合同解除前发生保险事故造成损失的,保险人不负赔偿责任。不是由于被保险人的故意,未将本法第二百二十二条第一款规定的重要情况如实告知保险人的,保险人有权解除合同或者要求相应增加保险费。保险人解除合同的,对于合同解除前发生保险事故造成的损失,保险人应当负赔偿责任;但是,未告知或者错误告知的重要情况对保险事故的发生有影响的除外。第二百二十四条 订立合同时,被保险人已经知道或者应当知道保险标的已经因发生保险事故而遭受损失的,保险人不负赔偿责任,但是有权收取保险费;保险人已经知道或者应当知道保险标的已经不可能因发生保险事故而遭受损失的,被保险人有权收回已经支付的保险费。第二百二十五条 被保险人对同一保险标的就同一保险事故向几个保险人重复订立合同,而使该保险标的的保险金额总和超过保险标的的价值的,除合同另有约定外,被保险人可以向任何保险人提出赔偿请求。被保险人获得的赔偿金额总和不得超过保险标的的受损价值。各保险人按照其承保的保险金额同保险金额总和的比例承担赔偿责任,任何一个保险人支付的赔偿金额超过其应当承担的赔偿责任的,有权向未按照其应当承担赔偿责任支付赔偿金额的保险人追偿。第二百二十六条 保险责任开始前,被保险人可以要求解除合同。但是应当向保险人支付手续费,保险人应当退还保险费。第二百二十七条 除合同另有约定外,保险责任开始后,被保险人和保险人均不得解除合同。根据合同约定在保险责任开始后可以解除合同的,被保险人要求解除合同,保险人有权收取自保险责任开始之日起至合同解除之日止的保险费,剩余部分予以退还;保险人要求解除合同,应当将自合同解除之日起至保险期间届满之日止的保险费退还被保险人。第二百二十八条 虽有本法第二百二十七条规定,货物运输和船舶的航次保险,保险责任开始后,被保险人不得要求解除合同。第二百二十九条 海上货物运输保险合同可以由被保险人背书或者以其他方式转让,合同的权利、义务随之转移。合同转让时尚未支付保险费的,被保险人和合同受让人负连带支付责任。第二百三十条 因船舶转让而转让船舶保险合同的,应当取得保险人同意。未经保险人同意,船舶保险合同从船舶转让时起解除;船舶转让发生在航次之中的,船舶保险合同至航次终了时解除。合同解除后,保险人应当将自合同解除之日起至保险期间届满之日止的保险费退还被保险人。第二百三十一条 被保险人在一定期间分批装运或者接受货物的,可以与保险人订立预约保险合同。预约保险合同应当由保险人签发预约保险单证加以确认。第二百三十二条 应被保险人要求,保险人应当对依据预约保险合同分批装运的货物分别签发保险单证。保险人分别签发的保险单证的内容与预约保险单证的内容不一致的,以分别签发的保险单证为准。第二百三十三条 被保险人知道经预约保险合同保险的货物已经装运或者到达的情况时,应当立即通知保险人。通知的内容包括装运货物的船名、航线、货物价值和保险金额。    第三节 被保险人的义务第二百三十四条 除合同另有约定外,被保险人应当在合同订立后立即支付保险费;被保险人支付保险费前,保险人可以拒绝签发保险单证。第二百三十五条 被保险人违反合同约定的保证条款时,应当立即书面通知保险人。保险人收到通知后,可以解除合同,也可以要求修改承保条件、增加保险费。第二百三十六条 一旦保险事故发生,被保险人应当立即通知保险人,并采取必要的合理措施,防止或者减少损失。被保险人收到保险人发出的有关采取防止或者减少损失的合理措施的特别通知的,应当按照保险人通知的要求处理。对于被保险人违反前款规定所造成的扩大的损失,保险人不负赔偿责任。   第四节 保险人的责任第二百三十七条 发生保险事故造成损失后,保险人应当及时向被保险人支付保险赔偿第二百三十八条 保险人赔偿保险事故造成的损失,以保险金额为限。保险金额低于保险价值的,在保险标的发生部分损失时,保险人按照保险金额与保险价值的比例负赔偿责任。第二百三十九条 保险标的在保险期间发生几次保险事故所造成的损失,即使损失金额的总和超过保险金额,保险人也应当赔偿。但是,对发生部分损失后未经修复又发生全部损失的,保险人按照全部损失赔偿。第二百四十条 被保险人为防止或者减少根据合同可以得到赔偿的损失而支出的必要的合理费用,为确定保险事故的性质、程度而支出的检验、估价的合理费用,以及为执行保险人的特别通知而支出的费用,应当由保险人在保险标的损失赔偿之外另行支付。保险人对前款规定的费用的支付,以相当于保险金额的数额为限。保险金额低于保险价值的,除合同另有约定外,保险人应当按照保险金额与保险价值的比例,支付本条规定的费用。第二百四十一条 保险金额低于共同海损分摊价值的,保险人按照保险金额同分摊价值的比例赔偿共同海损分摊。第二百四十二条 对于被保险人故意造成的损失,保险人不负赔偿责任。第二百四十三条 除合同另有约定外,因下列原因之一造成货物损失的,保险人不负赔偿责任:(一)航行迟延、交货迟延或者行市变化;(二)货物的自然损耗、本身的缺陷和自然特性;(三)包装不当。第二百四十四条 除合同另有约定外,因下列原因之一造成保险船舶损失的,保险人不负赔偿责任:(一)船舶开航时不适航,但是在船舶定期保险中被保险人不知道的除外;(二)船舶自然磨损或者锈蚀。运费保险比照适用本条的规定。   第五节 保险标的的损失和委付第二百四十五条 保险标的发生保险事故后灭失,或者受到严重损坏完全失去原有形体、效用,或者不能再归保险人所拥有的,为实际全损。第二百四十六条 船舶发生保险事故后,认为实际全损已经不可避免,或者为避免发生实际全损所需支付的费用超过保险价值的,为推定全损。货物发生保险事故后,认为实际全损已经不可避免,或者为避免发生实际全损所需支付的费用与继续将货物运抵目的地的费用之和超过保险价值的,为推定全损。 第二百四十七条 不属于实际全损和推定全损的损失,为部分损失。第二百四十八条 船舶在合理时间内未从被获知最后消息的地点抵达目的地,除合同另有约定外,满两个月后仍没有获知其消息的,为船舶失踪。船舶失踪视为实际全损。第二百四十九条 保险标的发生推定全损,被保险人要求保险人按照全部损失赔偿的,应当向保险人委付保险标的。保险人可以接受委付,也可以不接受委付,但是应当在合理的时间内将接受委付或者不接受委付的决定通知被保险人。委付不得附带任何条件。委付一经保险人接受,不得撤回。第二百五十条 保险人接受委付的,被保险人对委付财产的全部权利和义务转移给保险人。 第六节 保险赔偿的支付第二百五十一条 保险事故发生后,保险人向被保险人支付保险赔偿前,可以要求被保险人提供与确认保险事故性质和损失程度有关的证明和资料。第二百五十二条 保险标的发生保险责任范围内的损失是由第三人造成的,被保险人向第三人要求赔偿的权利,自保险人支付赔偿之日起,相应转移给保险人。被保险人应当向保险人提供必要的文件和其所需要知道的情况,并尽力协助保险人向第三人追偿。第二百五十三条 被保险人未经保险人同意放弃向第三人要求赔偿的权利,或者由于过失致使保险人不能行使追偿权利的,保险人可以相应扣减保险赔偿。第二百五十四条 保险人支付保险赔偿时,可以从应支付的赔偿额中相应扣减被保险人已经从第三人取得的赔偿。保险人从第三人取得的赔偿,超过其支付的保险赔偿的,超过部分应当退还给被保险人。第二百五十五条 发生保险事故后,保险人有权放弃对保险标的的权利,全额支付合同约定的保险赔偿,以解除对保险标的的义务。保险人行使前款规定的权利,应当自收到被保险人有关赔偿损失的通知之日起的七日内通知被保险人;被保险人在收到通知前,为避免或者减少损失而支付的必要的合理费用,仍然应当由保险人偿还。第二百五十六条 除本法第二百五十五条的规定外,保险标的发生全损,保险人支付全部保险金额的,取得对保险标的的全部权利;但是,在不足额保险的情况下,保险人按照保险金额与保险价值的比例取得对保险标的的部分权利。  第十三章 时效第二百五十七条 就海上货物运输向承运人要求赔偿的请求权,时效期间为一年,自承运人交付或者应当交付货物之日起计算;在时效期间内或者时效期间届满后,被认定为负有责任的人向第三人提起追偿请求的,时效期间为九十日,自追偿请求人解决原赔偿请求之日起或者收到受理对其本人提起诉讼的法院的起诉状副本之日起计算。有关航次租船合同的请求权,时效期间为二年,自知道或者应当知道权利被侵害之日起计算。第二百五十八条 就海上旅客运输向承运人要求赔偿的请求权,时效期间为二年,分别依照下列规定计算:(一)有关旅客人身伤害的请求权,自旅客离船或者应当离船之日起计算;(二)有关旅客死亡的请求权,发生在运送期间的,自旅客应当离船之日起计算;因运送期间内的伤害而导致旅客离船后死亡的,自旅客死亡之日起计算,但是此期限自离船之日起不得超过三年;(三)有关行李灭失或者损坏的请求权,自旅客离船或者应当离船之日起计算。第二百五十九条 有关船舶租用合同的请求权,时效期间为二年,自知道或者应当知道权利被侵害之日起计算。第二百六十条 有关海上拖航合同的请求权,时效期间为一年,自知道或者应当知道权利被侵害之日起计算。第二百六十一条 有关船舶碰撞的请求权,时效期间为二年,自碰撞事故发生之日起计算;本法第一百六十九条第三款规定的追偿请求权,时效期间为一年,自当事人连带支付损害赔偿之日起计算。第二百六十二条 有关海难救助的请求权,时效期间为二年,自救助作业终止之日起计算。第二百六十三条 有关共同海损分摊的请求权,时效期间为一年,自理算结束之日起计算。第二百六十四条 根据海上保险合同向保险人要求保险赔偿的请求权,时效期间为二年,自保险事故发生之日起计算。第二百六十五条 有关船舶发生油污损害的请求权,时效期间为三年,自损害发生之日起计算;但是,在任何情况下时效期间不得超过从造成损害的事故发生之日起六年。第二百六十六条 在时效期间的最后六个月内,因不可抗力或者其他障碍不能行使请求权的,时效中止。自中止时效的原因消除之日起,时效期间继续计算。第二百六十七条 时效因请求人提起诉讼、提交仲裁或者被请求人同意履行义务而中断。但是,请求人撤回起诉、撤回仲裁或者起诉被裁定驳回的,时效不中断。请求人申请扣船的,时效自申请扣船之日起中断。自中断时起,时效期间重新计算。   第十四章 涉外关系的法律适用第二百六十八条 中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约同本法有不同规定的,适用国际条约的规定;但是,中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。中华人民共和国法律和中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约没有规定的,可以适用国际惯例。第二百六十九条 合同当事人可以选择合同适用的法律,法律另有规定的除外。合同当事人没有选择的,适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。第二百七十条 船舶所有权的取得、转让和消灭,适用船旗国法律。第二百七十一条 船舶抵押权适用船旗国法律。船舶在光船租赁以前或者光船租赁期间,设立船舶抵押权的,适用原船舶登记国的法律。第二百七十二条 船舶优先权,适用受理案件的法院所在地法律。第二百七十三条 船舶碰撞的损害赔偿,适用侵权行为地法律。船舶在公海上发生碰撞的损害赔偿,适用受理案件的法院所在地法律。同一国籍的船舶,不论碰撞发生于何地,碰撞船舶之间的损害赔偿适用船旗国法律。第二百七十四条 共同海损理算,适用理算地法律。第二百七十五条 海事赔偿责任限制,适用受理案件的法院所在地法律。第二百七十六条 依照本章规定适用外国法律或者国际惯例,不得违背中华人民共和国的社会公共利益。  第十五章 附则第二百七十七条 本法所称计算单位,是指国际货币基金组织规定的特别提款权;其人民币数额为法院判决之日、仲裁机构裁决之日或者当事人协议之日,按照国家外汇主管机关规定的国际货币基金组织的特别提款权对人民币的换算办法计算得出的人民币数额。 第二百七十八条 本法自1993年7月1日起施行。  
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    发布于:2022-02-07 14:07:32
  • 海上拖航《海商法》有关拖航的规定
    第七章 海上拖航合同第一百五十五条 海上拖航合同,是指承拖方用拖轮将被拖物经海路从一地拖至另一地,而由被拖方支付拖航费的合同。本章规定不适用于在港区内对船舶提供的拖轮服务。第一百五十六条 海上拖航合同应当书面订立。海上拖航合同的内容,主要包括承拖方和被拖方的名称和住所、拖轮和被拖物的名称和主要尺度、拖轮马力、起拖地和目的地、起拖日期、拖航费及其支付方式,以及其他有关事项。第一百五十七条 承拖方在起拖前和起拖当时,应当谨慎处理,使拖轮处于适航、适拖状态,妥善配备船员,配置拖航索具和配备供应品以及该航次必备的其他装置、设备。被拖方在起拖前和起拖当时,应当做好被拖物的拖航准备,谨慎处理,使被拖物处于适拖状态,并向承拖方如实说明被拖物的情况,提供有关检验机构签发的被拖物适合拖航的证书和有关文件。第一百五十八条 起拖前,因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使合同不能履行的,双方均可以解除合同,并互相不负赔偿责任。除合同另有约定外,拖航费已经支付的,承拖方应当退还给被拖方。第一百五十九条 起拖后,因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使合同不能继续履行的,双方均可以解除合同,并互相不负赔偿责任。第一百六十条 因不可抗力或者其他不能归责于双方的原因致使被拖物不能拖至目的地的,除合同另有约定外,承拖方可以在目的地的邻近地点或者拖轮船长选定的安全的港口或者锚泊地 ,将被拖物移交给被拖方或者其代理人,视为已经履行合同。第一百六十一条 被拖方未按照约定支付拖航费和其他合理费用的,承拖方对被拖物有留置权。第一百六十二条 在海上拖航过程中,承拖方或者被拖方遭受的损失,由一方的过失造成的,有过失的一方应当负赔偿责任;由双方过失造成的,各方按照过失程度的比例负赔偿责任。虽有前款规定,经承拖方证明,被拖方的损失是由于下列原因之一造成的,承拖方不负赔偿责任:(一)拖轮船长、船员、引航员或者承拖方的其他受雇人、代理人在驾驶拖轮或者管理拖轮中的过失;(二)拖轮在海上救助或者企图救助人命或者财产时的过失。本条规定仅在海上拖航合同没有约定或者没有不同约定时适用。第一百六十三条 在海上拖航过程中,由于承拖方或者被拖方的过失,造成第三人人身伤亡或者财产损失的,承拖方和被拖方对第三人负连带赔偿责任。除合同另有约定外,一方连带支付的赔偿超过其应当承担的比例的,对另一方有追偿权。第一百六十四条 拖轮所有人拖带其所有的或者经营的驳船载运货物,经海路由一港运至另一港的,视为海上货物运输。
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    发布于:2022-02-07 13:57:30
  • 船员《海商法》有关船员的规定
    第三章 船员第一节 一般规定第三十一条 船员,是指包括船长在内的船上一切任职人员。第三十二条 船长、驾驶员、轮机长、轮机员、电机员、报务员,必须由持有相应适任证书的人担任。第三十三条 从事国际航行的船舶的中国籍船员,必须持有中华人民共和国港务监督机构颁发的海员证和有关证书。 第三十四条 船员的任用和劳动方面的权利、义务,本法没有规定的,适用有关法律、行政法规的规定。 第二节 船长第三十五条 船长负责船舶的管理和驾驶。船长在其职权范围内发布的命令,船员、旅客和其他在船人员都必须执行。船长应当采取必要的措施,保护船舶和在船人员、文件、邮件、货物以及其他财产。第三十六条 为保障在船人员和船舶的安全,船长有权对在船上进行违法、犯罪活动的人采取禁闭或者其他必要措施,并防止其隐匿、毁灭、伪造证据。船长采取前款措施,应当制作案情报告书,由船长和两名以上在船人员签字,连同人犯送交有关当局处理。第三十七条 船长应当将船上发生的出生或者死亡事件记入航海日志,并在两名证人的参加下制作证明书。死亡证明书应当附有死者遗物清单。死者有遗嘱的,船长应当予以证明 。死亡证明书和遗嘱由船长负责保管,并送交家属或者有关方面。第三十八条 船舶发生海上事故,危及在船人员和财产的安全时,船长应当组织船员和其他在船人员尽力施救。在船舶的沉没、毁灭不可避免的情况下,船长可以作出弃船决定; 但是,除紧急情况外,应当报经船舶所有人同意。弃船时,船长必须采取一切措施,首先组织旅客安全离船,然后安排船员离船,船长应当最后离船。在离船前,船长应当指挥船员尽力抢救航海日志、机舱日志、油类记录簿、无线电台日志、本航次使用过的海图和文件,以及贵重物品、邮件和现金。第三十九条 船长管理船舶和驾驶船舶的责任,不因引航员引领船舶而解除。第四十条 船长在航行中死亡或者因故不能执行职务时,应当由驾驶员中职务最高的人代理船长职务;在下一个港口开航前,船舶所有人应当指派新船长接任。
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    发布于:2022-02-07 13:47:19
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